The Beginning of Industrialization

The Agricultural Revolution The Agricultural Revolution help spur the Industrial Revolution Wealthy landowners bought up a ton of land/large fields called Enclosures in the early 1700’s The needed a efficient and productive ways to cultivate their large fields

Agricultural Revolution England 1700-1800

The Industrial Revolution begins in England Industrialization – the process of developing machine production of goods. Which requires large populations and natural resources, both of which England has

Industrial Revolution

Economic Strength and Political Stability Britain had an expanding economy to support industrialization Businessmen to invest in manufacture of new inventions Highly developed banking system Britain’s political stability gave the country a tremendous advantage over its neighbors

Factors of Production Land Labor Capital Resources needed to produce goods and services needed by the Industrial Revolution Land Labor Capital

Factors of Production

Industrial Inventions By 1800 several inventions modernized the cotton industry John Kay – Flying Shuttle 1733 James Hargreavers – Spinning Jenny 1764 Samuel Compton - Spinning Mule 1779

Before the Industrial Revolution: Women would weave textiles at home

John Kay – Flying Shuttle

Hargreaves – Spinning Jenny

Richard Arkwright Steam power

Samuel Crompton Spinning Mule

Textile Factories Wealthy textile merchants set up the machines in large buildings called Factories Progress in the textile industry spurred other improvements The invention of the Steam Engine stemmed from the need for cheap convenient source of power

Textile Factories

James Watt’s – 1774 Steam Engine

Water Transportation Steam could also be used to propel boats An American Named Robert Fulton invented the steam boat

Robert Fulton – Steamboat

Road Transportation British Roads Improved because of John McAdams Used large stones for drainage and crushed rocks to go on top. The Railroad locomotive – a steam engine on wheels Richard Trevithick first to build a steam locomotive that worked George Stephenson built the worlds first railroad line

John McAdam - Roadways

First Railroad Locomotive Richard Trevithick First Railroad Locomotive

George Stephenson – Railroad line

Industrialization Changes Ways of Life

Industrial Revolution – Good and Bad The Industrial Revolution eventually led to a better quality of life for most people It also caused immense human suffering as well - it was a mixed blessing

Growth of the Industrial City For centuries most Europeans had lived in rural areas The growth of the factory system – manufacturing goods in a central location – brought waves of jobseekers to cities and towns

Urbanization Urbanization – city building and the movement of people to cities

Living Conditions What? Why? Poor housing conditions, bad education and police protection for all the new people in the cities Why? No plans, no sanitary codes and no building codes controlled the growth of England’s cities

Living Conditions

Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, whole families crowded in one bedroom

Working Conditions What? Why? The average worker spent 14 hours a day at the job – 6 days a week Machines injured workers in many ways boilers may explode burning workers, limbs might get caught in machines, pour air quality affected breathing and lungs Why? There were no unions, health inspectors, or regulatory codes to make sure factories weren’t being abusive to their workers.

Working Conditions

Inside a factory

Class Tensions Not everyone in the cities lived miserably Rich merchants and factory owners built nice homes in the suburbs Most of the wealth from the Industrial Revolution went into the pockets of factory owners, shippers, and merchants

Middle Class Emerges A new social class emerged during this time period Middle Class – A social class of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople and wealthy farmers The new middle class transformed the social structure of Great Britain

Wealthy factory owner observing a Worker

Middle Class divides What? Why? A new larger middle class is created Upper Middle Class - doctors, lawyers, and managers of factories, Lower Middle Class - factory overseers and skilled workers Why? New opportunities are created by the industrial revolution. The concepts of Capitalism and Laissez-Faire allow for people to gain wealth without government interference

Positive Effects It created jobs for workers increased production of goods raised the standard of living It provided the opportunity for improvement on peoples lives

Long Term Effects Consumer goods are affordable and available Living and working conditions are much improved over the 19th century

Capitalism, Communism, and Reform

Laissez –Faire Ecomics Enlightenment Thinker Adam Smith Wrote the Wealth of Nations Stated that economic liberty guaranteed economic progress – government should not interfere with the economy

Capitalism - An economic system in which money is invested in business ventures with the goal of making a profit helped bring about the industrial revolution The idea of Capitalism is created by Malthus and Ricardo

Capitalism

Socialism In contrast to laissez-faire philosophy, other theorists believed that governments should intervene Believed that people or the government must take action to improve people’s lives

Philosophers divided Laissez Faire – refers to the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference – ‘Hands off’ approach Socialism – the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all

Utilitarianism John Staurt Mill - led the Utilitarian movement Utilitarianism – people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility, or usefulness Government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest amount of people

Karl Marx- Communist Manifesto

Karl Marx- Communist Manifesto Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels Argue that human societies have always been divided into warring(fighting) classes The ‘haves’ (bourgeoisie – or employers) and the ‘have-nots’ (or workers called the proletariat) While the wealthy controlled the means of producing goods, the poor performed the backbreaking labor under terrible conditions

Communism Communism – as a form of complete socialism in which the means of production – all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses would be owned by the people. private property would cease to exist All goods and services would be shared equally

Reforms

Unionization To press for reforms, workers joined together in voluntary associations called unions Unions engaged in collective bargaining Collective Bargaining – negotiations between workers and their employers If they could not come to an agreement workers would strike.

Workers Strikes

Abolition of Slavery Britain abolished slavery in 1833 Abolitionists had mixed motives – some motives were moral because they thought slavery was wrong, others stemmed from an economic point of view because their labor was cheap

Women Fight for Change Women led many reform issues at work unsafe working conditions and equal pay rates After the abolition of slavery women began to want equal rights as well Women’s rights activists sprang up all over the place

Reform Spread to Many Areas of Life Reforms were made in Public education Free public schooling became available in the late 1800s in Europe Prisons sought to reform prisoners to be useful after they left prison