Explanation NS1300 Dr. Brad Hoge

Natural Phenomena Observations of Nature The Need for Explanation Mythology Experience Metaphysics

Ancient Civilizations Mesopotamia Babylonian Astronomy Egypt India China Mesoamerica Maya Toltec Aztec Astronomy Druid Astronomy Hindu Astronomy Tibetan Astronomy

Early Philosophers Greek Philosophers The Ontologists (Materialism) Socrates Socratic Method Theory of Forms Plato Platonic Realism Idealism Aristotle Empiricism

Eastern Philosophy Eastern philosophy includes the various philosophies of Asia Indian philosophy Chinese philosophy Iranian philosophy Japanese philosophy Korean philosophy Arab philosophy Jewish philosophy Synthesis of Eastern and Western Philosophy

East and Middle East Philosophers Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) phenomenology and the philosophy of science Al-Jahiz evolution and natural selection Fakhr al-Din al-Razi Inductivism Al Biruni early scientific method Avicenna early philosophy of science Shen Kuo

Scientific Reasoning Before the development of modern science, scientific questions were addressed as a part of metaphysics known as "natural philosophy“ The term "science" itself meant "knowledge" of epistemological origin The scientific method made natural philosophy an empirical and experimental activity unlike the rest of philosophy By the end of the eighteenth century it had begun to be called "science" to distinguish it from philosophy

The Enlightenment Was not a single movement or school of thought Less a set of ideas than it was a set of values A critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals A strong belief in rationality and science.

Philosophy of Science Descartes Bacon Popper Kuhn Observation, hypothesis, experimentation Popper prediction from theory Falsifiability Kuhn

Scientific Method Hypothetico-Deductive Model

Explanation Logic Cause and Effect Levels of Understanding Tautology Reductionism

Emergence of Modern Science Galileo Newton Boyle Darwin Einstein

The Keys to Science Falsifiability Inquiry Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning Controlled Experimentation

Quiz 1. T or F, Ibn al-Haytham was one of the earliest scientists. 2. T or F, falsifiability is a key to the scientific method. 3. T or F, there are more than one way to do science. 4. T or F, causes always precede effects. 5. T or F, the scientific method began with Francis Bacon.