The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Mr. Peña AP World History

Where to start… What is the Scientific Revolution? What were the time periods? Roughly the 16th -18th century. Why such a long time? What effect does this have on Science Society

Back to my main man, Kepler. (German) 1571-1630 The observations of Tycho Brahe (the fat Dutch party animal) The Laws of Planetary Motion are born!

Tycho Brahe. Big and beautiful.

Galileo (Italian) 1564-1642 Supported heliocentric theory Discovered the phases of Venus and the 4 largest moons of Jupiter Vastly improved the telescope.

Kepler and Galileo spar wits. “I have observed the highest planet in triple shape” The mother of the love (Venus) emulates the shapes of Cynthia (The Moon) Kepler "Hail Double Knob Children of Mars“ There is a red spot on Jupiter, that turns mathematically

Isaac Newton (English) 1643-1727 Wrote: “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” Formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation Proved the heliocentric model was correct

Newton: “If I have seen farther than others, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.”

The Enlightenment Suggested that rational analysis of behavior and institutions could have meaning in the human as well as the natural world Increasingly, thinkers challenged recognized authorities such as Aristotelian philosophy and Christian religion and sought to explain the world in purely rational terms

John Locke

John Locke (English) 1632 - 1704 Father of modern Liberalism Created the idea of tabula rasa or blank slate. We gain knowledge through perceiving the world around us. (Empiricism) Human nature is characterized by reason and tolerance. Everyone had a natural right to defend his “Life, health, Liberty, or Possessions

John Locke (Continued) Individuals should use reason to find truth. Anti-authoritarian Government should be kept in check through rational thought. All legitimate political power must be "representative" and based on the consent of the people

Thomas Hobes John Locke’s complete opposite. People are inherently greedy. He thought that giving everyone liberty would look something like this…

Hobbes and Locke People must submit to an absolute monarch for protection! Social Contract (Hobbes) Locke wants separation of powers Church and State Locke offered a new social contract theory people contracted with one another for a particular kind of government, and that they could modify or even abolish the government

Voltaire (French) 1694 -1778 Wrote Candide in 1759 in which he analyzes the problem of evil in the world and depicts the woes heaped upon the world in the name of religion Encouraged Freedom of religion. His battle cry against the Roman Catholic Church was ecrasez l’infame (“crush the damned thing”) Not very safe things to say…

Rousseau (French) 1712 - 1778 Many Enlightenment thinkers condemned the legal and social privileges enjoyed by aristocrats and called for a society in which all individuals were equal before the law In 1762, Rousseau wrote The Social Contract arguing that members of a society were collectively the sovereign All individuals would participate directly in the formulation of policy and the creation of laws

Montesquieu French (1689 – 1755) Came up with the modern separation of powers Executive Legislative Judicial Eliminated the “Three Estates” of the Monarchy The Clergy The Aristocracy (feudalism) The People Popularized the word “Despotism”