The U.S. and the Fall of the Soviet Union

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Presentation transcript:

The U.S. and the Fall of the Soviet Union (We won! #merica)

Mikhail Gorbachev (1988-1991) Young (56) Reformer First leader to be born after the Revolution (Significance?)

Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) Former actor, great public speaker Reinvigorated American morale “It’s morning again in America.”

Weaknesses of the Soviet Union Ideology of Communism (Utopia turns to Dystopia… read 1984… or Brave New World… or Animal Farm… or Hunger Games… or Divergent… or The Giver…) Focus on military-industrial complex instead of basic necessities Over 50% of population was non-Russian ethnic groups (nationalism)

Soviet Reality in 1980s “Severe stagnation with deep-rooted economic and political problems”1 War in Afghanistan (“Russia’s Vietnam”) Side note: Who did we support in the war against the Soviets in Afghanistan? 1. www.coldwar.org

Star Wars (no really…) “Strategic Defense Initiative” (SDI) Space-based system to defend U.S. from attack by strategic ballistic missiles Caused increased Soviet military spending Critics: unrealistic, militarization of space, re-ignite arms race and destabilize MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction)

Gorbachev’s Reforms Glasnost (“openness”) Increased freedom of information Increased transparency of government Perestroika (“restructuring”) Allowed more independent actions from various ministries (decentralized control) Introduced some market-like reforms

Nationalism on the Periphery Baltic region 1987 – Estonia demanded autonomy – followed by Latvia and Lithuania Transcaucasus Armenian population in Azerbaijan sought to join Republic of Armenia (unsuccessful) Poland Solidarity Movement: democratic trade union that went underground and rebelled against Communist leadership

Tear Down This Wall! Brandenburg Gate, June 12, 1987 Timing: U.S. missiles in Europe; U.S. record peacetime defense buildup Challenge to Gorbachev to “prove” his desire for increasing freedom in the Eastern bloc

“There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization, come here to this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” http://youtu.be/YtYdjbpBk6A

East Germany Summer and fall of 1989: citizens took to the streets, calling for reforms East German refugees found loopholes through satellite countries to West Berlin and refused to return Moscow refused to use military force to support East German leader – led to beginning of political reforms

Fall of Berlin Wall

Cold War Legacy Relief & Uncertainty in the U.S. Unprecedented prosperity in the West NATO – sticks around Wave of democratization throughout Latin America, Africa, and Eastern Europe U.S. as sole remaining superpower Breakdown of Pax Americana – Cold War was often sole justification behind U.S. hegemony (dominance) Concern about leftover Soviet weapons