12-5-17 Digging Deep Day 1
Do Now: Answer the following questions in your science notebook What is the internal structure of the Earth? What is our Earth made of?
Homework Science Fair Research & Hypothesis (revisions or if you still need to turn them in)
Digging Deep: Layers of the Earth Lesson Objectives: Students will be able to: Label the layers of solid Earth (geosphere). Describe the chemical composition of the layers of solid Earth (geosphere).
Vocabulary Check-Exit List As the lesson progresses, complete the provided “Vocabulary Check- Exit List” Place a check mark when you are able to: label the vocabulary word under the label column. Explain the word If you need help on a word, then check the help column. At the end of class, you will turn this in as an exit ticket.
(C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org Digging Deep Into The Earth The pit (hole) is over 0.6 miles (0.97 km) deep, 2.5 miles (4 km) wide, and covers more than 1,900 acres. Teacher notes: The paragraph below should be read to students to explain what it is. It is shown to give them a reference as to how big the Earth is and how thick the layers are. Before you read ask them to guess how deep or how wide this hole is. Read aloud: This is the Bingham Canyon Mine, also known as the Kennecott Copper Mine and is located just outside Salt Lake City, Utah. It has been in production since 1906. They mine for copper. The pit(hole) is over 0.6 miles (0.97 km) deep, 2.5 miles (4 km) wide, and covers more than 1,900 acres. http://www.bing.com/images/search?&q=Kennecott+Copper%27s+Bingham+Canyon+Mine+pictures&qft=+filterui:license-L2_L3_L4_L5_L6_L7&FORM=R5IR38 (C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org
(C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org B http://www.bestourism.com/img/items/big/7320/The-Bingham-Canyon-Mine_Mine-haul-trucks-moving-ore-in-Bingham-Canyon-copper-mine_10836.jpg Explain to students that picture A shows a normal size pick-up truck in the top left; the other 2 trucks are the trucks used in the mining. Picture B show a man standing next to one of the tires used on the mining trucks. Remember the pit (hole) is over 0.6 miles (0.97 km) deep, 2.5 miles (4 km) wide. A http://www.bestourism.com/img/items/big/7320/The-Bingham-Canyon-Mine_The-Bingham-Canyon-Mine-Visitors-Center_10838.jpg (C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org
(C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org Earth by Chemical Composition Earth by Physical Properties crust Lithosphere rigid 30 km 150 km mantle plastic 100 km Asthenosphere Mesosphere 2900 km rigid 2550 km Explain to students: There are two ways the layers of Earth are classified and labeled. Explain the slide shows them from top to bottom. Ask students to copy this in their notebooks – tell them distances noted are approximate. Ask students to compare the distances of the earth to the distances of the pit in the previous slides. (answer – much larger) Ask students to compare the distances of each layer to another layer. Ask – what is the thinnest layer? (crust); what is the thickest layer? (mantle) liquid core 2200 km Outer core 3430 km 1230 km Inner core solid (C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org
(C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org Classifying Earth by its Chemical Composition There are 3 major layers of the Earth: Crust, Mantle, and Core. The crust is 46% oxygen, 28% silicon, 8% aluminum, 6% iron, and trace amounts of other elements and minerals. The mantle is 35% iron, 30% oxygen 15% silicon, 13% magnesium, and trace amounts of other elements and minerals. The core is 85% iron, 11% nickel, and 4% sulfur. Ask students to look at the percentage of: Iron - what happens to the percentage as you go deeper? (increases) Silicon – what happens to the percentage as you go deeper? (decreases) Oxygen - what happens to the percentage as you go deeper? (decreases) Have students add to notebook: Chemical Composition crust - 46% oxygen, 28% silicon, 8% aluminum mantel - 35% iron, 30% oxygen, 15% silicon core - 85% iron, 11% nickel, 4% sulfur (C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org
(C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org Classifying Earth by its Physical Properties Crust - rigid Lithosphere - rigid Continental crust Oceanic crust Mantle Upper mantle - Lithosphere rigid Asthenosphere plastic / semi-molten Convection currents Lower mantle / Mesosphere - rigid Explain this is some of the same information from previous slide #3, just another way to look at it. Differences are: Lithosphere – broken into continental crust and oceanic crust. Asthenosphere – where convection currents occur. Core Outer core liquid Inner core - solid (C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org
(C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org The Crust The relatively thin and cool crust forms Earth's surface. There are 2 types of crust: Continental Crust (under the continents) 35-70 km thick – 25 mi Oceanic Crust (under the oceans) 5-10 km thick – 5 mi Composition: Silicates that take the form of granite and basalt rocks Remind students of the size of the pit (copper mine) - 0.6 miles (0.97 km) deep. Ask: Have the copper miners dug to the bottom of the Oceanic crust? (no) Have the copper miners dug to the bottom of the Continental crust? (no) What type of rocks are the crusts made of? (granite and basalt) http://www.bing.com/images/search?&q=earth+crust+layers+pictures&qft=+filterui:license-L2_L3_L4_L5_L6_L7&FORM=R5IR38#view=detail&id=A7D933B174C526AA127C7E4F41295ADFAC355882&selectedIndex=68 (C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org
(C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org Crust (Granite) Granite, an igneous rock composed mainly of the minerals quartz and feldspar, makes up most of the upper crust. Sample of granite – ask if any students have see granite counter tops in kitchens or bathrooms? (Some may have them or seen them on TV) Explain that it is the same stuff. Ask where does it come from? (the crust or upper lithosphere) http://www.bing.com/images/search?&q=Granite+Rock&qft=+filterui:license-L2_L3_L5_L6&FORM=R5IR40#view=detail&id=1D40165E6802AE63C5D35D3F484B8650E901A1FC&selectedIndex=4 (C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org
Vocabulary Check-Exit List As the lesson progresses, complete the provided “Vocabulary Check- Exit List” Place a check mark when you are able to: label the vocabulary word under the label column. Explain the word If you need help on a word, then check the help column. At the end of class, you will turn this in as an exit ticket.
Earth: The Inside Story As you watch the following PBS documentary about the Earth, answer the questions on the provided worksheet.
(C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org Lithosphere The Lithosphere is the outermost layer of earth's crust. This is where we live. It is the only part that is accessible to us. It is cold, solid and rigid. This is the only layer scientists have been able to physically explore and have done so by sending probes down into the Earth. Remind students it includes the continental and oceanic crusts and part of the upper mantle. The Lithosphere is broken into large solid plates called tectonic plates. See notes (C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org
Lithosphere crust and most upper mantle See notes Explain this layer is where the tectonic plates are that cause earthquakes as they move. http://www.bing.com/images/search?&q=earth+crust+layers+pictures&qft=+filterui:license-L2_L3_L4_L5_L6_L7&FORM=R5IR38#view=detail&id=A7D933B174C526AA127C7E4F41295ADFAC355882&selectedIndex=68 See notes (C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org
Asthenosphere The upper layer of the mantle, below the lithosphere. This soft, easily deformed rock is more plastic than adjacent layers. http://www.bing.com/images/search?&q=earth+crust+layers+pictures&qft=+filterui:license-L2_L3_L4_L5_L6_L7&FORM=R5IR38#view=detail&id=A7D933B174C526AA127C7E4F41295ADFAC355882&selectedIndex=68 This is where the convection currents occur that drive the tectonic plate movement. Pressure and temperature place it near the melting point. See notes (C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org
(C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org The asthenosphere is ductile. It can be pushed like silly putty in response to the warmth of the Earth. C o n v e c t I o n C u r r e n t s These rocks actually flow, moving in response to the stresses placed on them by the churning motions of the deep interior of the Earth. The flowing asthenosphere carries the lithosphere of the Earth, including the continents, on its back. Explain this is not a rapid flow but more like a slow flow in slow motion. See notes (C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org
(C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org Mantle The mantle is about 2/3 of the total mass of the Earth. It is about 2,900 km deep. The upper mantle contains the lithosphere and the asthenosphere. The rest of the mantle between the upper mantle and the core is known as the mesophere. It is denser and hotter than the upper mantle and is solid (due to pressure) and extremely hot, about 1,600˚F at the top and 4,000˚F at the bottom. This is the largest layer and helps to buffer us from the extremely high temperatures in the core. See notes (C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org
(C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org Mantle (Peridotite) Peridotite, a rock made primarily of the minerals olivine and pyroxene, makes up much of the lower mantle. Do not spend much time here. Just let students see what it looks like. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Garnet_peridotite.jpg (C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org
(C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org Outer Core The outer core is a liquid layer, more fluid than the asthenosphere, because it is hotter than the mantle but not as hot as the inner core. This is a good summary picture showing the layers close to accurate proportions. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_of_the_Earth#mediaviewer/File:Earth_poster.svg However, it is under less pressure than the inner core allowing it to remain a liquid. It is made of molten iron and nickel. See notes (C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org
(C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org The Inner core is solid and made up mostly of iron. It is about 70% of the size of the moon and may have a temperature similar to the sun's surface. The solid Inner core floats in the liquid outer core and spins at a rate different from the rest of the planet. Scientists theorize this spinning causes Earth’s magnetic fields. The inner core provides the source of heat (energy) to sustain our planet. See notes (C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org
(C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org Core (Iron) The Earth’s core is the densest layer. It is made up of iron-nickel alloy and small amounts of carbon, oxygen, or sulfur. This is also found in meteorites. http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5266/5686403090_d698a4b132_z.jpg See notes (C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org
This concludes the power point. Now you have a sheet to complete. Fun Stuff. http://tperruna32.wikispaces.com/file/view/Screen_shot_2011-03-07_at_8.11.50_PM.png/208243700/800x515/Screen_shot_2011-03-07_at_8.11.50_PM.png (C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org
Color each layer. Add the ocean and mountains on top. Ocean - blue Worksheet Information Color each layer. Add the ocean and mountains on top. Ocean - blue Mountains - brown and green Lithosphere – purple Asthenosphere – orange Deep mantle – red Outer core – yellow Inner core – gray/silver This goes with the worksheet. (C) Copyright 2014 - all rights reserved www.cpalms.org