Small Scale Crustal Change: Deformation of Earth’s Crust

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Presentation transcript:

Small Scale Crustal Change: Deformation of Earth’s Crust Earth Science Mr. Cloud 1906 San Francisco Earthquake

Original Horizontality Sediment is always deposited horizontally Rocks form in horizontal layers that run parallel to the ground Strata: layers of rock

Deformed Layers Faulted: Rocks that have been offset or displaced

Types of Faults

Deformed Layers Folded: Rocks that have been bent or curved

Mr. Cloud producing lateral strain. Look how he produces folds in rock Mr. Cloud producing lateral strain! Look how he produces folds in rock! Deformation in ACTION!

Deformed Layers Uplift: Layers that have been raised.

Earthquake! An earthquake is a natural rapid shaking of the lithosphere caused by the release of energy stored in rocks. Most earthquakes are caused by the movement along faults. Some are associated with volcanic eruptions or movement of magma in the lithosphere.

How does an Earthquake occur? Rocks are elastic! (Think of a rubber band) The Elastic Rebound Theory states that if pressure is applied, a rock will deform under stress. If the stress becomes too great, it will break and rebound. (similar to a rubber band) The energy released during the break causes the ground to shake. Break a pencil!

How is all this energy transported? The potential energy stored in rocks is given off as seismic waves. Two Types of Seismic Waves: 1. Body Waves *** P-Waves: Primary S-Waves: Secondary 2. Surface Waves Love Waves Rayleigh Waves

How can seismic waves be measured? Seismograph: instrument that measures seismic activity

Seismographs create seismograms!

Seismic Waves Help us Interpret Earth’s Interior

Focus and Epicenter

Triangulation: Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake

What should you do to prepare for an Earthquake?

Two Ways to Measure an Earthquake Richter Magnitude Modified-Mercalli Intensity

Richter Magnitude a scale used to express the seismic energy released by an earthquake

How is Richter Magnitude Determined? The amplitude of seismic waves recorded by a seismograph determines Richter magnitude

The Richter Scale The scale is a base-10 logarithmic scale. The magnitude is defined as the logarithm of the ratio of the amplitude of waves measured by a seismograph to an arbitrary small amplitude. An earthquake that measures 5.0 on the Richter scale has a shaking amplitude 10 times larger than one that measures 4.0

Modified-Mercalli Intensity The Mercalli intensity scale is a scale used for measuring the intensity of an earthquake. The scale quantifies the effects of an earthquake on the Earth's surface, humans, objects of nature, and man-made structures on a scale of I through XII. http://www.abag.ca.gov/bayarea/eqmaps/doc/mmi.html