Body Systems and Homeostasis Name: _______________________ Date: ________________________ Pd. _______ Body Systems and Homeostasis Unit Review Define the following terms: Cell membrane__Regulates what moves in and out of the cell___________ Vacuole:____Stores water and salts in the cell_____________________________ Endoplasmic Reticulum:___Smooth: Site of lipid synthesis Rough: Ribosomes attach for protein synthesis Ribosome:___Protein synthesis___________________________________ Nucleus (of cell):____Stores DNA / control center of the cell______________________ Golgi Apparatus:_____Packages materials to be shipped out of the cell______________________ Mitochondria:______provides energy for the cell / site of cellular respiration___________________ Lysosome:_______Contains enzymes for digestion/recycling of cell parts_________________________ Positive feedback:___Responds to a change by increasing that change_______________ Negative feedback:___Responds to a change by reversing that change and returning to homeostasis__ Homeostasis:___Body’s internal balance____________ Circulatory system:_____Transports materials around the body_________ Lymphatic system:_____Immune system – protects the body by fighting infection________ Endocrine System:___Regulates hormones to respond to changes in the body____________________ Digestive System:____Breaks down foods/ provides nutrients for the body__________________ Respiratory System:____Brings in oxygen to the body/ releases CO2___________________ Integumentary System (skin):__First line of defense / temperature regulation _____________________ Nervous system:______Controls the body by sending and receiving electrical messages_____________ Excretory system:____Filters the blood / removes metabolic wastes to produce uring____________ Muscular system:____Helps the body move with force and motion_____________ Skeletal system:_Supports and protects the body / responsible for movement / blood cell production Identify the systems described below _Integumentary _22. The first defense against outside disease and aids in temperature moderation. Nervous __23. Most organs are controlled and monitored by the hypothalamus. _Skeletal __24. Provides the body’s main structure and support. __Circulatory __25. Carries waste away from cells after cellular respiration. __Excretory ___26. Filters and removes nitrogenous waste from the body. _Digestive ____27. Provides raw materials like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and water to the body. _Respiratory __28. The exchange point between the atmosphere and the body. Muscular___ 29. Contains cells capable of immediate, short-term responses.

Skeletal Muscle Sperm Red Blood Cell Neuron White Blood Cell 30. Directions: Label the organelles on the neuron pictured below. A: __Mitochondria_____ B: ___Nucleus______________ C: ____Cell membrane__________ D: (contains digestive enzymes)___Lysosomes______ E: (contains food particles) _Vacuoles F: __Golgi body_________ G: __Cytoplasm________ H: ____Ribosomes / Rough ER_______ Skeletal Muscle Sperm Red Blood Cell Neuron White Blood Cell Nucleus 7 1 Endoplasmic Reticula Mitochondria 6,500 3,500 1,000 1,200 Golgi Body 15 45 20 Ribosomes 50 million 15 million 20 million Lysosome 70 500 900 Specialized cells have different organelles that aid with its function. Use the table above to interpret how the organelles present in each different cell type aid in their function (numbers are very approximate, every cell is different!). Skeletal muscle: Skeletal muscle has a lot of mitochondria to provide energy for constant contractions/motion. There are also a lot of ribosomes to produce protein to help build muscle Sperm: 1 nucleus that carries half of the DNA necessary for reproduction (other half is in the egg). Lots of mitochondria to power the flagella to help the sperm swim to the egg. Red Blood Cell: No organelles allows more space to carry oxygen to the cells/ carbon dioxide away from the cells Neuron: Lots of ribosomes to help produce neurotransmitters to move from cell to cell. Golgi package the neurotransmitters at the end of the axon to be sent to the next cell. White Blood Cell: Lots of lysosomes to kill/digest foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses. Hierarchy 32. List each level of organization of living things from least complex to most complex: Macromolecules -> Organelles -> Cells -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism

Transport Systems A human circulatory system is pictured to the right. The circled areas represent regions of the body where there are massive concentrations of blood vessels. 33. What are the differences between capillaries, veins, and arteries? Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood back towards the heart, capillaries are very thin and allow for diffusion of materials into and out of the blood. How does the circulatory system interact with the following systems: Digestive:___In the small intestine, nutrients diffuse into the blood to be carried around the body____ Respiratory:___In the lungs, Oxygen diffuses into the blood to be carries around the body. Blood brings Carbon Dioxide back to the lungs from the body to be expelled________________________ Excretory:___Kidneys filter metabolic wastes from the blood and regulate blood water volume________ Muscular:__Blood provides muscles with needed sugar and oxygen for energy production___________________ Lymphatic__White blood cells travel through the circulatory system to go to sites where they are needed (infection)__________ Endocrine___Hormones travel through the blood to target organs___ Communication Systems Explain how responses from the nervous system differ from responses in the endocrine system. Nervous system uses electrical signals. It senses and responds to changes. Endocrine system uses chemical signals (hormones) to respond to changes as directed by the nervous system. What are the two major divisions within the nervous system? Describe each. List at least THREE organs that are shared between the endocrine and another system. Describe how this organ fulfills its role in both systems. 1) Central Nervous System – includes Brain and Spinal cord – Processing center 2) Peripheral Nervous System – includes nerves that move to and from the CNS. Responsible for sensing and responding. 1) Ovaries – release hormones responsible for reproduction/development and hold eggs for reproduction 2) Hypothalamus – also part of the nervous system in the brain – These nerve cells stimulate the pituitary gland to regulate hormones 3) Pancreas – also part of the digestive system, controls insulin/glucagon to regulate blood sugar 4)

Homeostasis Different diseases will negatively impact your body’s systems. Those effects could be exaggerated through other body systems as well. In the questions below, a disease is described. Identify the immediately affected body system and identify specific impacts this disease could have on the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis. 38. Excess amounts of salts and crystals will form a solid stone-like plug in the nephron tubes. What body system is immediately affected? __Excretory____ What impact would this have on homeostasis? Kidneys would not be able to remove wastes from blood. Toxins would build up in the blood stream. 39. Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid is swollen and damaged. This will cause the thyroid to secrete less product than usual. What body system is immediately affected? _Endocrine __ Thyroid regulates metabolism. Digestion would slow, temperature regulation would not be balanced (feel cold) Feedback Mechanisms Pictured below are two feedback mechanisms. In space below, identify which reaction is a positive and which is a negative feedback mechanism. Which is negative feedback? __A_ Explain your choice. Reacts to reverse a change and bring blood pressure back to normal 41. Which is positive feedback? __B___ Explain your choice. Body is responding to a stimulus by increasing a change. More suckling -> More Prolactin -> more milk A) B)