3. Information Processing and response

Contents Information Processing Welford’s Model Whiting’s Model Perception Memory Improving memory retention Response Reaction time Psychological Refractory period Hicks Law Schema

Information Processing Stimulus Identification Response Selection Response Programming Picking out cues from the environment Decision making based upon experience Movement communicated to muscles to put into action

Welford’s Model Display Sense Organs Perception Effector Mechanism Muscular System Response Intrinsic Feedback Extrinsic Feedback

Whiting’s Model Perceptual mechanism Sensory Input Translator mechanism Decision Process Effector mechanism Action

Perception Sensory Input Vision, Hearing and Proprioception (Touch, Equilibrium and Kinaesthesis) Selective attention Selective Attention Relevant information is filtered away from the irrelevant Player is then left with only important information to concentrate on. Relevant information is coded- all subsequent decisions are made on this information alone DCR Detection- registering the stimulus by the sense organ Comparison- referring stimulus to the memory store to be compared against stored stimuli Recognition- Finding the corresponding stimuli in the memory

Short Term Sensory Store Short Term Memory Store Selective attention process. Receives information for less than 1 second Information coded or discarded Short Term Memory Store Coded information reaches STMS Retains information for 20 – 30 seconds Capacity of 7 +/-2 items Long Term Memory Store Permanent Unlimited capacity Stored as Motor programmes Two way relationship between Short Term Memory Store and Long Term Memory Store- Aids decision making process using past experiences

Improving Memory retention Practice- refines motor programmes Praise and reinforcement as we remember pleasant experiences Mental Rehearsal- Stimulates brain and muscles Demonstrations needs to be clear and accurate Chunking- Information broken down in smaller parts Chaining- Presenting the information in correct order so links can be made

Response Response Time Reaction Time Movement Time Response Time Reaction Time Presentation of Stimulus to onset of movement Movement Time Onset of movement to completion of movement Response Time Presentation of stimulus to completion of movement

Simple Reaction time There is only one stimulus and one response Choice Reaction time Responding to several stimuli each requiring a different response

Psychological refractory period Stimuli are processed along a single nerve Only one can be processed at a time Stimuli must wait for previous one to be dealt with Known as Single Channel Hypothesis Short Corner Cruyff Turn Trick Pass Fake Punt Dummy Runners Zidane Psychological Refractory period is based on SCH Unavoidable delay if a second stimulus is presented before previous is processed Ball clipping the net / deflection on a shot / Dummy pass / Set plays Stimulus 1 Stimulus 2 Response 1 Response 2 PRP RVP

Schema Information stored in LTM that updates and modifies motor programmes - Suggests we haven’t created a specific pattern for every individual situation but rather have a Schema for it Initial conditions- Information is gained from the environment e.g. Player sees the game situation around them Response selections- Appropriate response is decided upon as a result of initial conditions e.g. Player decides type of pass and to which player Sensory consequences- Player gathers information to help adjust the response e.g. Player senses how far away the player is and how the pass feels Response outcomes- Player receives information on success of skill e.g. Pass is successful and player recognises this Recall Schema Produces movement Recognition schema Judges movement How can a coach encourage schema to be developed?

Open and Closed loop control Open Loop Simple, well learnt skills Automatic (Autonomous phase) Quickly completed Closed and self paced skills Tennis Serve / Discus throw Closed Loop Ongoing movements Only part of info sent to organs Remaining is sent during performance Kinaesthetic awareness Riding a bike/ Complex dive Kinaesthetic feedback Motor Control Mechanism Motor Commands Movement Motor Control Mechanism Motor Commands Movement