Steps of the Scientific Method

The Scientific Method is a The common way to solve a problem!

3. Formulate a Hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Collect and Analyze Results Scientific Method 1. Observation 2. Problem/Question 3. Formulate a Hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Collect and Analyze Results 6. Conclusion 7. Communicate the Results

1. Observation/Research: Gather information Facts Using the 5 senses!!! Vs Inferences: Assumptions based on prior observations

1. Problem/Question: Through observations develop a question or problem that can be solved through experimentation.

Do you remember the next step?

3. Formulate a Hypothesis: The hypothesis is an educated guess about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Example: If soil temperatures rise, then plant growth will increase.

4. Experiment: Develop and follow a procedure. Include a detailed materials list. The outcome must be measurable (quantifiable).

5. Collect and Analyze Results: Modify the procedure if needed. Confirm the results by retesting. Include tables, graphs, and photographs.

Do you accepts or reject the hypothesis. 6. Conclusion: Do you accepts or reject the hypothesis. Make recommendations for further study and possible improvements to the procedure.

7. Communicate the Results: Be prepared to present the project to an audience. Expect questions from the audience.

Think you can name all seven steps? Collect and Analyze Results Formulate a Hypothesis Communicate the Results Observation/Research Problem/Question Experiment Conclusion

She explains that yeast releases a gas as it feeds on sugar. Problem/Question John watches his grandmother bake bread. He ask his Nana what makes the bread rise? She explains that yeast releases a gas as it feeds on sugar.

Problem/Question John wonders if the amount of sugar used in the recipe will affect the size of the bread loaf?

Observation/Research John researches the areas of baking and fermentation to test his question.

Formulate a Hypothesis John decides: “If more sugar is added, then the bread will rise higher.”

Do you remember the difference between independent and dependent variables?

Independent Variable The manipulated variable Factor that’s intentionally changed by the experimenter. John is going to use grams of sugar in his experiment.

In this case, it would be the size of the loaf of bread. Dependent Variable Responds to the IV IT IS MEASURABLE!!!!!!!!! In this case, it would be the size of the loaf of bread.

Experiment He comes up with a procedure and list of all materials. She discusses with John how to determine the control group.

Control Group Standard of comparison A “no treatment" or “experimenter selected” group. Doesn’t get the treatment!!!

All experiments should have a control group. exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group, except for the variable being tested. All experiments should have a control group.

Can John have a group with NO sugar? NOOOOO! Control group Can John have a group with NO sugar? NOOOOO!

Control Group Because his grandmother always used 50g. of sugar in her recipe, John is going to use 50g as his control group.

Constants All other factors are kept the same so that any observed changes in the bread can be attributed to the variation in the amount of sugar.

Constants All the factors that the experimenter attempts to keep the same. Constants has an S and so does same

Can you think of some constants for this experiment?

Constants Other ingredients in recipe oven rise time brand of ingredients cooking time type of pan air temperature and humidity where the bread was rising oven temperature age of the yeast

John is going to test each sugar variable 3 times. Trials Trials refer to replicate groups that are exposed to the same conditions in an experiment. John is going to test each sugar variable 3 times.

Collect and Analyze Results John creates a table to record his data. John gets all his materials and carries out his experiment.

Size of Baked Bread (LxWxH) cm3 Size of Bread Loaf (cm3) Trials Amt. of Sugar (g.) 1 2 3 Average Size (cm3) 25 768 744 761 758 50 1296 1188 1260 100 1080 1116 250 672 576 588 612 500 432 504 360 Control group

Collect and Analyze Results He examines his data and notices the control worked the best but not significantly better than 100g. of sugar

Conclusion John rejects his hypothesis, and re-tests using sugar amounts between 50g. and 100g.

Can you tell which group did the best?

Size of Baked Bread (LxWxH) cm3 Size of Bread Loaf (cm3) Trials Amt. of Sugar (g.) 1 2 3 Average Size (cm3) 50 1296 1440 1344 60 1404 1380 70 1638 1560 1612 80 1332 90 1080 1200 972 1084 Control group

Conclusion John finds that 70g. of sugar produces the largest loaf. His hypothesis is accepted.

Communicate the Results John tells his Nana about his findings and presents his project in Science class.

What happens when a hypothesis is tested over and over and is true every time??

The Scientific Method not yet tested well- why supported what PROBLEM HYPOTHESIS EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENTS EXPERIMENTS EXPERIMENTS well- supported why what THEORY LAW

Theory vs Law Theories are unsubstantiated ideas, opinions, unproven explanations Laws are proven theories that have withstood repeated testing over time, rules that must be followed, a piece of enacted legislation

L A W (fact) THEORY HYPOTHESIS When proven that it always works When supported over time Only call on those with misconceptions Is this consistent with what Helen Curtis said? The rest of what we will be doing is exploring the validity of this Be to here in 10mins tops HYPOTHESIS

Theories in Media

Laws in Media

Biology Theory vs Law Chromosome Theory: chromosomes are the basis for all genetic inheritance. Explains the mechanism underlying Mendel’s laws. The law of independent assortment: Describes the principle that traits are passed on to offspring independent of each other .

Laws and Theories Laws Theories Based primarily on observations Based on evidence Can change with new evidence Cannot change into each other Based primarily on observations Holds for specific conditions More descriptive Answers “what happens?” Relies heavily on inferences Generalizations More explanatory Answers “How does it happen?” Closure Slide Laws: Primarily based on Observations Typically holds only under specific conditions More Descriptive “what” Theories: Based on Inferences Generalizations More Explanatory “why” Similarities: Based on lots of evidence Can change when new evidence is discovered These are 2 different types of scientific knowledge, they cannot change into each other

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZaCy5Z87FA