Unit 14: Energy Resources

Oil of Wilderness on Alaska’s North Slope? Oil has been extracted from parts of Alaska’s North Slope since 1977. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) contains oil deposits but oil exploration has been forbidden. In 1980, a region called the 1002 Area was designated for future decision making. Today, a debate rages as to whether oil drilling should be allowed. Talk About It How might oil exploration in the 1002 Area affect the surrounding people and wilderness?

Lesson 17.1 Energy: An Overview The United States has only 4.5% of the world’s population but uses 21.1% of the world’s energy.

do work cause a change motion position What Is Energy? Lesson 17.1 Energy: An Overview What Is Energy? do work cause a change The ability to _____________ or _____________________ Kinetic energy: Due to ____________ Potential energy: Due to an object’s ________________ or shape motion position

Mechanical Electrical Thermal Forms of Energy Lesson 17.1 Energy: An Overview Forms of Energy Mechanical _________________: Associated with the motion and position of an object; can be kinetic or potential _____________: Associated with electric charges; can be kinetic or potential ___________: Kinetic energy of atoms and molecules— the faster atoms and molecules move in an object, the warmer it becomes Electrical Thermal

Electromagnetic Chemical Nuclear Forms of Energy Lesson 17.1 Energy: An Overview Forms of Energy Electromagnetic _______________________: Kinetic energy that travels as waves _____________: Potential energy stored in molecular bonds ___________: Potential energy stored by forces that hold atomic nuclei together Chemical Nuclear

Which type of energy? Electromagnetic

Which type of energy? Mechanical

Which type of energy? Nuclear

Which type of energy? Thermal

Which type of energy? Chemical

Which type of energy? Electrical

Energy Conversion and Efficiency Lesson 17.1 Energy: An Overview Energy Conversion and Efficiency Destroyed Energy cannot be _______________; it can only be _____________, or changed, from one form to another. Energy efficiency is an expression of how much of the energy put into a system _________________________. Converted Actually does useful work First Flight The combustion of gasoline powered the first airplane as it flew over the beach in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, on December 17, 1903.

Energy Sources and Uses Lesson 17.1 Energy: An Overview Energy Sources and Uses Energy Sources _________________: Nearly always available or replaceable in a relatively ________________; includes sunlight, wind, flowing water, heat from Earth ____________________: ________ be replaced in a _____________________; includes fossil fuels and nuclear energy Renewable Short Time Nonrenewable Cannot Reasonable Time Wind power is a renewable energy source.

Energy Sources and Uses Lesson 17.1 Energy: An Overview Energy Sources and Uses Energy Use Four uses of energy: ___________, transportation, residential, ________________ _____________ nations tend to use more energy than ______________ nations. Industrial Commercial Developed Developing

One quarter of global coal reserves are found in the United States. Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels One quarter of global coal reserves are found in the United States.

Formation of Fossil Fuels Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels Coal, Oil & Natural Gas Include _______________________________ Formed from the remains of _______________ over _____________of years Different _________________ produce different fossil fuels Organisms Millions Conditions Formation of Fossil Fuels

Plant High Heat and Pressure 25% Cheap Little processing transport Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels Coal Plant Formed from ________ remains subjected to _________________________________ over millions of years Provides ________ of the world’s energy Compared to other fossil fuels, coal is _________, needs ______________________, and is easy to ____________. Coal is the _____________________ fossil fuel on Earth. High Heat and Pressure 25% Cheap Little processing transport Most abundant Coal Mining in India

Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels Coal

Strip Mining safer Subsurface Shafts Coal Mining Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels Coal Mining Strip Mining ________________: Overlying rock and soil are removed to access coal (_______ for miners). safer Subsurface _______________ mining: Underground __________ are dug to access coal under Earth’s surface. Shafts

Dark, Liquid Hydrocarbons Marine Organisms fuel Petroleum Oil Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels Oil Dark, Liquid ________________ fossil fuel made up mostly of ____________________ Formed from the remains of ancient __________________________ Used in ______ for cars, trucks, planes, ships Used in chemical compounds (petrochemicals) Also know as ________________ Hydrocarbons Marine Organisms fuel Petroleum

Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels Oil

Drilling and Refining Oil Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels Drilling and Refining Oil Crude Oil After ____________ is extracted from the ground, it is separated into different fuels in a __________. __________ extraction: Oil flows out of the well by itself, because it is already ______________________ _____________ extraction: Increased pressure or injections ___________________________ Refinery Primary Under Pressure Secondary Needed to Remove Oil

Drilling and Refining Oil Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels Drilling and Refining Oil Primary Secondary

Methane Gas Above Less polluting More energy heating electricity Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels Natural Gas Methane Gas Primarily __________________ with small amounts of other gases mixed in Often found __________ oil or coal deposits Much ___________________ than coal or oil and releases ___________________ when combusted Used for __________, appliances (stoves, dryers), and making ______________ Above Less polluting More energy heating electricity

Hydraulic Fracturing AKA “Fracking” extracting Technique for _____________ natural gas (or oil) from “tight” rock (______) structures deep below surface Has been used since ______’s Hydraulic Fracturing involves Drilling a well deep down below earth Inject 500,000 ______________________________ shale Fluid is _______ water plus sand and chemicals Extracting natural gas Often combined with ________________ drilling (since the 1990’s) shale 1940 Gallons of fluid to fracture 99% Horizontal

The Fracking Song SciShow Fracking Opportunity or Danger?!?

expensive intensive Hazardous infinite 130 Fossil Fuel Supply Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuel Supply Consumption is still rising, but new fossil fuels do not form on a _______________________. New oil sources—oil sands, oil shale, methane hydrates— are ______________, energy-_____________, and can be ________________ to obtain. Coal sources are still relatively abundant, but not ____________. Some studies suggest we have extracted nearly half Earth’s oil, and that U.S. coal supplies may last just ______ years. Human Timescale expensive intensive Hazardous infinite 130

Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuel Supply

Lesson 17.3 Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use The United States imports two thirds of its crude oil.

Effects of Fossil Fuel Use Lesson 17.3 Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use Effects of Fossil Fuel Use Carbon Dioxide Burning fossil fuels releases _____________________, which contributes to global ______________________. When coal and oil burn, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released, which contribute to ___________ and ________________________. Climate change smog Acid Deposition

Effects of Fossil Fuel Use Lesson 17.3 Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use Effects of Fossil Fuel Use Oil Spills ____________, equipment ruptures, and oil in runoff pollute waterways, oceans, and coastal areas. Coal-fired power plants release ____________, which harms human health. Crude oil contains trace amounts of _____________________. Mercury Lead & Arsenic

Gulf of Mexico Oil Well Explosions Lesson 17.3 Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use Gulf of Mexico Oil Well Explosions 1979: Ixtoc I exploratory oil well 50 m below surface Released ______ million gal oil; containment efforts took 9 months 2010: _______________________ oil well 1500 m below surface Largest U.S. offshore oil breach as of 2010— over _______ million gal oil released, based on USGS rough estimates Hundreds of miles of coastal habitats threatened 126 Deepwater Horizon 200

Controlled burns attempt to contain oil pumping into the Gulf, one month after the 2010 well blow-out.

Damage Caused by Extracting Fuels Lesson 17.3 Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use Damage Caused by Extracting Fuels Mining: Humans _____________ and ______________ health. Ecosystems are damaged by habitat _______________, extensive erosion, acid drainage, and heavy metal contamination downslope of mines. Risk lives Respiratory Destruction Acid drainage from a coal mine

Damage Caused by Extracting Fuels Lesson 17.3 Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use Damage Caused by Extracting Fuels Oil and gas extraction: Roads and structures built to support __________ break up habitats and harm ecosystems. The ________________ consequences of accidents can be uncertain or unpredictable drilling Long term

Dependence on Foreign Sources Lesson 17.3 Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use Dependence on Foreign Sources Evenly distributed Fossil fuels are not _______________________ over the globe, so some countries must ______________ fuel sources. Nations that import fuel may be vulnerable to changes in fuel prices set by ____________. Nations can import less fuel by developing ___________ oil sources & _______________ energy sources. import suppliers domestic renewable

Energy Conservation reducing damage Gas-efficient higher Personal Lesson 17.3 Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use Energy Conservation reducing Practice of ____________ energy use to make fossil fuels last and to prevent environmental __________ Transportation: ___________________ cars and ___________ gas prices could help conserve energy in the U.S. ______________ choices: Individuals can save energy by turning off lights, taking public transit, and buying energy-efficient appliances. damage Gas-efficient higher Personal

Lesson 17.4 Nuclear Power Scientists estimate that nuclear power helps us avoid emitting 600 million metric tons of carbon each year worldwide.

Nuclear Fission Nucleus 2 Smaller Neutrons Energy Chain Reaction Lesson 17.4 Nuclear Power Nuclear Fission Nucleus Splits an atomic _____________ into ______________nuclei Releases _____________ and large amounts of ___________. If enough unstable nuclei are present, a nuclear ___________________ can occur. __________________ is most commonly used for nuclear fission reactions. 2 Smaller Neutrons Energy Chain Reaction Uranium - 235

Lesson 17.4 Nuclear Power Nuclear Fission

Generating Electricity Using Nuclear Energy Lesson 17.4 Nuclear Power Generating Electricity Using Nuclear Energy

Benefits and Costs of Nuclear Power Lesson 17.4 Nuclear Power Benefits and Costs of Nuclear Power Benefits Costs _______________ to build and maintain Requires _________ uranium fuel and little mining Catastrophic accidents are possible. Under normal conditions, nuclear power plants are _________ for workers than coal-burning power plants. Nuclear waste must be stored for ________________ of years. Expensive No Air Pollution little thousands safer Chernobyl

Nuclear Waste Long Term Storage Population Sabotage Stable Lesson 17.4 Nuclear Power Nuclear Waste Waste is currently held at power plants, but a ________________________ location is needed. Long-term storage sites must be distant from _____________ centers, protected from ______________, have a deep water table, and be geologically __________. _______________, Nevada, was chosen by the U.S. government in the 1980s, and a storage site was constructed there. But, as of 2010, the Yucca Mountain project is no longer under development. Long Term Storage Population Sabotage Stable Yucca Mountain Yucca Mountain storage site

Nuclear Fusion One Nucleus 2 Atomic Much more energy High Temperatures Lesson 17.4 Nuclear Power Nuclear Fusion 2 Atomic One Nucleus Joining ___________ nuclei to form __________________ Releases _____________________ than fission Currently impractical because very ______________________ are needed, but scientists continue exploring fusion for our future energy needs Much more energy High Temperatures

Germany’s Big Bet on Renewable Energy In 2000, Germany passed the Renewable Energy Law, which required that the nation get at least 10% of its energy from renewable sources by 2020. The policy has increased renewable energy, created jobs, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. However, Germany hasn’t invested heavily in new technologies. Most of its renewable energy comes from wind turbines, which can cause ecological damage. Talk About It Are solar panels and wind turbines practical ways to generate electricity in your community? Why or why not?

Lesson 18.1 Biomass and Geothermal Energy Agricultural waste, methane gas from landfills, and heat from the Earth are just a few renewable energy sources that can help replace fossil fuels.

Why We Need Alternative Energy Sources Lesson 18.1 Biomass and Geothermal Energy Why We Need Alternative Energy Sources Economic reasons: ______________ won’t last forever. Renewables provide ____________. Our country will be ___________________ on others for fuel. Environmental reasons: Renewables will ___________ air pollution and ______________________________. Fossil Fuels New Jobs Less dependent Decrease Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Biomass Energy Wood, Manure & Grain Makes Up Comes From Biopower Lesson 18.1 Biomass and Geothermal Energy Biomass Energy Wood, Manure & Grain Biomass is material—such as ________________________ —that ____________ living organisms or _______________ living organisms. Biomass energy, called ___________, is produced by ___________________. Biomass energy can be used for heating, cooking, lighting, vehicle fuel, or electricity generation. Makes Up Comes From Biopower Burning Biomass

Biomass Energy Sources Lesson 18.1 Biomass and Geothermal Energy Biomass Energy Sources Wood Solids: ______, manure, agricultural and timber waste, ______________ Liquids (biofuels): ______________ and biodiesel Gases: Methane “_______________” produced by breakdown of waste in landfills Switchgrass Ethanol Landfill gas Switchgrass

Biomass Energy Carbon Dioxide All Nations Benefits: Lesson 18.1 Biomass and Geothermal Energy Biomass Energy Benefits: No net change in atmospheric ___________________ Can be produced by __________________ Carbon Dioxide All Nations Image - http://www.flickr.com/photos/carolynconner/4264882098/ (Creative Commons licensed) Geyser info source - National Park Service: http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/noldfaith.htm

Biomass Energy Natural Habitats Desertification Large Energy Input Lesson 18.1 Biomass and Geothermal Energy Biomass Energy Costs: Takes away land from food crops or _____________________ Deforestation, soil erosion, and ___________________ can result if plant biomass is harvested too rapidly. _____________________ is needed. Burning biomass indoors can lead to indoor air pollution. Natural Habitats Desertification Image - http://www.flickr.com/photos/carolynconner/4264882098/ (Creative Commons licensed) Geyser info source - National Park Service: http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/noldfaith.htm Large Energy Input Deforestation can be seen at the border between the Dominican Republic (right) and Haiti (left).

Geothermal Energy Pressures Radioactive Elements Steam Turns Turbines Lesson 18.1 Biomass and Geothermal Energy Geothermal Energy Pressures Underground heat generated by high ____________ and breakdown of __________________________ Usually accessed by drilling deep below ground; ________________________, generating electricity. Radioactive Elements Steam Turns Turbines Image - http://www.flickr.com/photos/carolynconner/4264882098/ (Creative Commons licensed) Geyser info source - National Park Service: http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/noldfaith.htm

Geothermal Energy Directly Temperate Soil Winter Summer Lesson 18.1 Biomass and Geothermal Energy Geothermal Energy Directly Can be used _________ by piping hot water from its source into homes and businesses Ground source heat pumps use naturally _________________, a few feet underground, to heat homes in _____________ and to cool them in _______________. Temperate Soil Winter Image - http://www.flickr.com/photos/carolynconner/4264882098/ (Creative Commons licensed) Geyser info source - National Park Service: http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/noldfaith.htm Summer A ground source heat pump in winter and summer

Benefits and Costs of Geothermal Energy Lesson 18.1 Biomass and Geothermal Energy Benefits and Costs of Geothermal Energy Benefits: Causes much ______________________ than fossil fuels Low greenhouse gas _________________ Less Air Pollution Image - http://www.flickr.com/photos/carolynconner/4264882098/ (Creative Commons licensed) Geyser info source - National Park Service: http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/noldfaith.htm Emissions

Benefits and Costs of Geothermal Energy Lesson 18.1 Biomass and Geothermal Energy Benefits and Costs of Geothermal Energy Costs: Not sustainable if hot groundwater is used faster than it is __________________________ Hot groundwater can contain pollutants that damage machines or ____________________. Some geothermal energy projects can trigger _____________________. Geothermal power plants can only be built in places with easy access to ______________________. Naturally Replenished Add to Pollution Image - http://www.flickr.com/photos/carolynconner/4264882098/ (Creative Commons licensed) Geyser info source - National Park Service: http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/noldfaith.htm Earthquakes Geothermal Energy

Lesson 18.2 Hydropower and Ocean Power Currently, 19% of the world’s electricity is made using hydropower.

Generating Electricity With Hydropower Lesson 18.2 Hydropower and Ocean Power Generating Electricity With Hydropower Hydropower is generated by _________________ by moving water. Two basic approaches: Water flows through a _____ and pushes turbines. Naturally flowing water is ___________ through turbines. Turbines Turned Dam Diverted

Generating Electricity With Hydropower Lesson 18.2 Hydropower and Ocean Power Generating Electricity With Hydropower Variable Supply Naturally flowing water can lead to a ___________________ of electricity. Dams provide constant electricity but can disturb ___________________. Natural Habitats

Benefits and Costs of Hydropower Lesson 18.2 Hydropower and Ocean Power Benefits and Costs of Hydropower Benefits: Completely _________________ No _____________________ or greenhouse gas emissions Yields relatively _____________ electricity Renewable Air Pollution Cheap

Benefits and Costs of Hydropower Lesson 18.2 Hydropower and Ocean Power Benefits and Costs of Hydropower Costs: Dams alter __________________ and affect organisms (especially fish). Dams trap soil-enriching ________, preventing it from reaching _____________________. Building dams and reservoirs can ________________________. Ecosystems Silt Downstream Displace People

Tidal Energy Big Pollution Currently Suitable Tides Go In & Out Lesson 18.2 Hydropower and Ocean Power Tidal Energy Electricity generated by the flow of ocean water as ________________ Tidal waters push turbines in a dam. The best places to harness tidal energy have _______ differences in the heights of high and low tides. Generates little to no ___________, but shore ecosystems can be negatively affected and very few locations are __________________ Tides Go In & Out Big Pollution Currently Suitable High and low tide in the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia

Thermal Energy From the Ocean Lesson 18.2 Hydropower and Ocean Power Thermal Energy From the Ocean Solar Energy The ocean absorbs ________________ and stores it as heat. ______________________________________ (OTEC) converts heat energy in the ocean to _____________________. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Electricity

Thermal Energy From the Ocean Lesson 18.2 Hydropower and Ocean Power Thermal Energy From the Ocean Boil Liquids Warm ocean water is used to ______________ with very _____________________, generating vapors that can spin turbines. OTEC technology is currently under development; ________________________________________________. The heat content absorbed every day by tropical oceans is equivalent to the heat content of ______________________________. Low Boiling Points No Power Plants Use This Technology Today 250 Million Barrels of Oil

Lesson 18.3 Solar and Wind Energy In one day, the Earth receives enough energy from the sun to meet human energy needs for 25 years—if it could all be harnessed.

Harnessing Solar Energy for Heat Lesson 18.3 Solar and Wind Energy Harnessing Solar Energy for Heat Passive solar heating: Designing a building to efficiently ______________________________ the sun’s energy; can be used to heat homes and businesses Active solar heating: Uses technology, such as ________________, to capture, store, and distribute the sun’s energy Capture, Store & Distribute Solar Panels Did You Know? Greenhouses, thick window drapes, and south-facing windows are all passive solar energy “devices.”

Harnessing Solar Energy to Make Electricity Lesson 18.3 Solar and Wind Energy Harnessing Solar Energy to Make Electricity Photovoltaic ______________ cells (solar panels): Convert solar energy ______________________________ Concentrating solar power: Uses _________ to focus the sun’s rays on a vessel containing fluid; creates ___________ to push turbines and generate electricity. Directly Into Electricity Mirrors Steam

Harnessing Solar Energy to Make Electricity Lesson 18.3 Solar and Wind Energy Harnessing Solar Energy to Make Electricity

Harnessing Solar Energy to Make Electricity Lesson 18.3 Solar and Wind Energy Harnessing Solar Energy to Make Electricity

Solar Power Benefits: Truly Renewable Clean Low Maintenance Lesson 18.3 Solar and Wind Energy Solar Power Benefits: _________________ _______ — no air or water pollution produced during operation _________________ devices New jobs to make solar devices Truly Renewable Clean Low Maintenance

Solar Power Costs: Some Pollution Sunny Enough Expensive Lesson 18.3 Solar and Wind Energy Solar Power Costs: ______________ during manufacturing Many regions aren’t ________________ Devices are ___________ Some Pollution Sunny Enough Expensive

Wind Wind’s kinetic energy On land or offshore Wind farms Lesson 18.3 Solar and Wind Energy Wind Wind turbines (windmills) convert ________________________ to electrical energy. Wind turbines can be placed _____________________. Turbines can be solitary or built in groups called ________________. Wind’s kinetic energy On land or offshore Wind farms

No Pollution or Greenhouse Gases Lesson 18.3 Solar and Wind Energy Wind Power Benefits: ______________________________________ produced during operation Under good wind conditions, produces far more energy than it uses Relatively _____________ to operate No Pollution or Greenhouse Gases Cheap

Wind Power Start Up Costs Unpredictable Population Centers Lesson 18.3 Solar and Wind Energy Wind Power Costs: High _________________ Winds can be _________________. Fastest winds are often not near ___________________. Communities complain about the _____________________ of wind farms. Can be harmful to __________________ Start Up Costs Unpredictable Population Centers Looks & Noise Birds and Bats

Lesson 18.4 Energy From Hydrogen Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. Rockets, such as those that powered the space shuttle, have been powered by hydrogen fuel.

Hydrogen (H2) as a Fuel Source Lesson 18.4 Energy From Hydrogen Hydrogen (H2) as a Fuel Source Hydrogen Gas (H2) ______________________ can be combusted to produce heat, with _______________________________. On Earth, H2 is commonly found in compounds such as water, though it is ____________________________, H2 gas. Just Water as a Byproduct Rare in its elemental form

Hydrogen (H2) as a Fuel Source Lesson 18.4 Energy From Hydrogen Hydrogen (H2) as a Fuel Source Produced H2 can be ___________ by breaking down ___________ (H2O) or ____________ (CH4). A new technology involves using ___________________ to produce H2 from water. Water Methane Green Algae Algae used to produce hydrogen gas

Hydrogen as a Fuel Source Lesson 18.4 Energy From Hydrogen Hydrogen as a Fuel Source Benefits: __________________ supply of hydrogen ________________________________ or pollutants ___________________ might be the only byproducts. Can be ____________________________ Inexhaustible Few Greenhouse Gases Water & Heat Stored & Transported

Hydrogen as a Fuel Source Lesson 18.4 Energy From Hydrogen Hydrogen as a Fuel Source Costs: ____________ (splitting of water to generate H2) is expensive, and breaking down methane yields carbon dioxide. Both require energy from an ________________________. H2 gas must be _______________ if used for vehicle fuel. Hydrolysis Outside Source Compressed

Lesson 18.4 Energy From Hydrogen Fuel Cells