Reconstruction: 1863-1877 (roughly) Focus Questions: What was Reconstruction and what was its purpose? Describe some of the issues raised about the South after the Civil War. Identify some of the major legislation of Reconstruction. Decide: Was Reconstruction a success? Why? Decide: Was Reconstruction a failure? Why? The purpose of the focus questions is to help students find larger themes and structures to bring the historical evidence, events, and examples together for a connected thematic purpose. As we go through each portion of this lecture, you may want to keep in mind how the information relates to this larger thematic question. Here are some suggestions: write the focus question in the left or right margin on your notes and as we go through, either mark areas of your notes for you to come back to later and think about the connection OR as you review your notes later (to fill in anything else you remember from the lecture or your thoughts during the lecture or additional information from the readings), write small phrases from the lecture and readings that connect that information to each focus question AND/OR are examples that work together to answer the focus question.

Effects on the South ●Physical and economic devastation 1. Land Values 2. Human Cost 3. Crops 4. Labor 5. Transportation

Reconstruction before the end of the war ●Creation of West Virginia ●Emancipation Proclamation (Jan. 1863) ●Creation of Military governments ●Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction ●Grant’s terms to Lee

Johnson and Reconstruction ●Johnson’s background ●Johnson’s plan for “restoration” ●13th Amendment (December 1865) ●Radicals’ perception of him

Radical Republicans ●Goals ●Keys to maintaining power ●14th Amendment (July 1868) ●15th Amendment (Feb. 1870)

●Southern reactions to Johnson’s lenience ●Black Codes ●Problems for Former Slaves ●Freedmen’s Bureau

Congressional/Military Reconstruction ●Johnson vs. Congress ●Tenure of Office Act: 1867 ●Johnson’s Impeachment Trial: 1868 ●Relevance of the Trial

The Grant years (1868-1876) ●The election of 1868 ●Grant’s leadership ●Scandals ●Democratic control of the House: 1874

●Resistance to Republican influence in South *Objections to black participation in government *The Ku Klux Klan and white nationalism ●Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

Election of 1876 ●Republicans nominate Hayes ●The Compromise of 1877 ●The end of Reconstruction