World History—Chapter 7: The Rise of Europe

Section 1: The Early Middle Ages Focus Question: How did Germanic tribes divide Western Europe into small kingdoms?

The Collapse of the Roman Empire Constantine becomes the emperor of Rome. He moves the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) in 331 A.D. This would start the collapse of Rome in the West and give rise to the Byzantine Empire in the East.

After the collapse of the Roman Empire there would be contrast in the East and West: strong, united empire areas not united became the Byzantine Empire Barbaric, German people would take control of much of the area people kept a common language Much of the people became illiterate. Only the wealthy or religious leaders could read and write. new empire blended Roman and Greek cultures. Church of Rome (later called the Catholic Church) Greek Orthodox Christianity

Rise of Germanic Kingdoms Franks- gain much control of the Roman Empire Herders and farmers No cities or laws Survival was crucial Very different culture than the Romans Clovis: Frankish king who conquered Gaul. He personally converted to Christianity, which earned both the peoples and the Pope’s support.

A Muslim Empire Threatens Europe Followers of Islam started to spread the religion from North Africa into what is modern-day Spain. This created much anxiety for European Christian leaders In time, Europeans would trade with Muslims, who in many ways exceeded the Europeans

The Battle of Tours In 732, Charles Martel stopped the spread of Muslim culture into Western Europe The Christian warriors felt this was a sign from God

Charlemagne Grandson of Charles Martel Became the leader of the Franks in 768—united much of Western Europe In 799, Charlemagne, who was a Christian, helped Pope Leo III with a rebellious group of people in Rome. Charlemagne sent a group of men to Rome to arrest the rebels Was crowned as Emperor of the Romans

Crowning of Charlemagne created…. Alliance between Charlemagne and the Catholic Church Power struggles between future popes and Germanic kings Outrage of the empire and emperor to the East (Byzantine) who felt the West was still part of the “Roman” empire… Unified Christian empire

Charlemagne’s Accomplishments ♦Creation of a unified Western Europe - had not been unified since the “fall” of Rome ♦Powerful nobles were chosen to be regional rulers -government was closer to the people ♦Missi dominici - hear grievances, check on roads, justice ♦Created a revival of learning- he felt this was important in building a strong empire ♦Built an efficient bureaucracy

After Charlemagne Charlemagne’s son, Louis the Pious -was weak Louis’ sons fought over the empire In 843 – his three sons created the Treaty of Verdun – divided empire into three empires Christianity was the major Religion of Western Europe Blending of cultures Western Europe became weak and was eventually invaded by Magyars and Vikings

Focus Question- (Chapter 7 Focus Question- (Chapter 7.1) How did Germanic tribes divide Western Europe into small kingdoms?

Section 2- Feudalism and the Manor Economy Focus Question: How did feudalism and the manor economy emerge and shape medieval life?

Feudalism A political/social system where: King Lord Lesser Lord Vassal Peasant Lords divide their land among lesser lords. In exchange the lesser lords pledge loyalty and service to the greater lord.

The World of Knights and Nobles Warfare was way of life Knight: mounted warrior Practiced chivalry & protected the weak Noblewomen supervised estates Participated in tournaments – mock battles

The Manor Heart of the medieval economy Self-sufficient entity Included one or more villages and surrounding lands Self-sufficient entity Produced almost everything needed Mutual obligation Peasants worked Lord provided protection

Focus Question- (Chapter 7.2) How did feudalism and the manor economy emerge and shape medieval life?

Section 3- The Medieval Church Focus Question How did the Church play a vital role in medieval life?

The Medieval Church Dominated medieval life If you were not part of the church, you were suspicious Had political and spiritual powers Monks and nuns provide education, hospitals, and agricultural methods

The Church Dominates Life Priests offer sacraments, sacred rights of the church Center of social life Town gatherings Activities Largest public buildings Political power People felt they needed sacraments to get to heaven

The Church Hierarchy The Pope Cardinals Bishops Local Parish Priests

Papal Supremacy Pope was supreme to all secular rulers Precedent set with crowning of Charlemagne Secular – non-church (worldly) Canon Law- church rules Popes had two major powers: Excommunication – forbid people to receive sacraments or Christian burial Interdict – excommunication of entire group BOTH MEANT CONDEMNATION!!

Corruption in the Church Lots of power led to corruption Secular rulers tried to get their followers appointed to church positions Allowed alliance with the church = more power Think Charlemagne.

Reform Movements St. Francis of Assisi Poverty Chastity Obedience Friars- Traveling priests St. Francis of Assisi Began the first group of friars Benedictine Rule Poverty Chastity Obedience Popes wanted secular influences out of the church

Jews in Medieval Europe Prejudice increases between Jews and Christians Blamed them for illness or famine Little interaction Were still educated as advisors or physicians Migration to Eastern Europe

Focus Question- (Chapter 7.3) How did the Church play a vital role in medieval life?

Section 4 – Economic Recovery Sparks Change Focus Question How did changes in agriculture and trade lead to the growth of towns and commerce?

1000s—Agricultural Revolution Changes caused feudalism to change  caused changes in the way people lived New technologies Food production grew

Growing Trade Led to Commercial Revolution Trade expanded to Middle East & Asia Trade settlements grew into medieval towns and cities Modern business practices Partnerships, insurance, letters of credit Use of money changed feudal system

A New Middle Class Emerged Merchants and artisans (created rules for trade and) formed guilds Apprentice-- trainee Journeyman– salaried worker Guilds are: people who trained in their craft Women and girls were involved Towns and cities grew Problems: overcrowding, crime, pollution, disease, fires