Celts Pushed into Ireland, Wales, and Scotland by the Angles and Saxons.

King John Signed the Magna Carta in 1215

Vassal A noble who served a lord of a higher rank

Doomsday Book A census taken in England by William Conqueror

Hildegard of Bingen Headed a convent in Germany and composed church music

English Channel The body of water that separates Britain, Scotland, and Ireland from the rest of Europe.

Black Death A plague that swept across Europe and Asia during the Middle Ages and killed millions of people

Vikings People from Scandinavia who raided villages in Europe

Anti-Semitism Hatred of Jewish people

Kievan Rus A group of small territories in Eastern Europe ruled by Vikings

The First Crusade Drove Muslims from Jerusalem

Henry II Established the jury system in England

Edward I Called for a meeting of people from different parts of England, which came to be called the Parliament

Clovis Frankish King who became Catholic

Thomas Aquinas A priest who combined Church teachings with the ideas of Aristotle. He was considered to be the father of scholasticism.

Gregory the Great Sent missionaries throughout Europe to convert people to Catholicism

Joan of Arc A young French peasant who led soldier in the Hundred Years’ War.

Code of chivalry A guide for knights’ good behavior

Francis of Assisi Founder of the first order of friars who helped the poor and served as missionaries

Alps Separates Italy from the rest of Europe

The geography of Europe provided Opportunities for trade Ample fishing Safety All of the above

Charlemagne believed in Excommunication Education Civil service exams Taoism

Why was Charlemagne successful? He had a strong military He had the support of pope He set up courts throughout his empire All of the above

Most peasants who lived in western Europe during the Middle Ages Were unfree laborers on fiefs Were slaves on plantations Fought on horseback for their lord Paid nobles for the right to farm land

Medieval cities were Very crowded Often run by a city council Dirty, smelly, and polluted All of the above

The Magna Carta Gave the king unlimited power Limited the power of the pope Freed all serfs in England Limited the power of the king

The Crusades were holy wars launched by Catholics against Muslim Turks Christians against Jews Muslim Turks against Jews Muslim Turks against Catholics

What effect did the Crusades have on Europe? They increased trade They broke feudalism They helped strong central governments emerge All of the above

Which of the following was a feature of Gothic cathedrals? A flat roof Stained glass windows Think walls All of the above

Approximately how many Europeans died from the plague? About 10% About 25% About 50% Almost everyone