Medieval Church Bellwork True or false: The Catholic Church was the largest landowner in Western Europe True What important parts of life were made official through the Church? Birth, Marriage, and Death What is it called when one pays a tax to the church called? Tithe

Objective WWBAT: Introduce the origins of the Christian Crusades and those people involved in the Crusades WWBAT: Read and compare Muslin and Christian justifications for war

Interactive Notebook Setup 12/1/2016 Crusades Causes and Effects This will be one page

Lead up to Crusades The Crusades Effects of Crusades

Lead Up to the Crusades Why are we going to the Holy Land? To take back the Holy Land from the non Christians To convert the non believers (Muslims) To crush heretics Not all Crusades were fought in the Holy Land. Southern France was the site of a Crusade In Frankfurt Germany Crusaders on the way to the Holy Land killed 10,000 Jews just because they were not Christians

Lead Up to the Crusades Heresies At about the same time the Crusades were starting people began to question the role and doctrine of the Catholic Church Many heretics wanted to return to a simpler way of practicing Christianity They rejected the wealth of the church

Lead Up to the Crusades Scholasticism With the opening of universities in Europe people began to think more freely People began to study law, philosophy, medicine, science This new thought or scholasticism came into direct conflict with the church

Lead Up to the Crusades The Church response To keep control of the masses the church set out strict guidelines or doctrines of practice If these doctrines were not followed then punishment ranged from excommunication to torture and execution At this time the church is often referred to as the Church Militant The 4th Crusade was directed at those deemed heretics by the church, Jews, Muslims, and heretics Crusades might unify Christians

Lead Up to the Crusades As the years passed, reports spread that some Muslims had killed Christian pilgrims and destroyed churches Though this likely was exaggerations of very infrequent events European Christians were also increasingly intolerant of Muslims controlling the Holy Land As tensions increased, war seemed inevitable.

Lead Up to the Crusades The Great Schism of 1064, divided Christianity into Eastern Orthodox(Byzantine) and Roman Catholic (Europe) The primary cause was a dispute over papal authority Caused the first major division in Christianity in its history

Pope Urban II at Claremont The Crusades In 1095, Byzantine Emperor Alexios I contacted Pope Urban II about the threat of Turkish armies against Constantinople and the Fatamid Muslim’s control of Jerusalem In November 1096, Pope Urban II considered Alexios’ plea, and called for a crusade against the Muslim Turks at the Council of Claremont Pope Urban II at Claremont

Pope Urban II Background “Enter upon the road to the Holy Sepulcher; the wicked race, and subject it to yourselves…” Pope Urban II

The Crusades The term Crusade best fits the wars fought between the Muslims and the Christians between 1095 and 1291

The Crusaders Pope Urban offered indulgence removing all punishments due to sin for those who died on the Crusade Serfs were allowed to leave the land they were bound to Crusaders were exempted from taxes Debtors were given a halt on interest Prisoners were freed and death sentences were commuted by a bold extension of Papal authority to life service in Palestine

The Crusades What motivated the Crusaders Genuine religious fervor from both Christian and Muslims (Our religions is better then yours) Geopolitical conflict between Europe and the Middle East (Hey, your stealing our money, our trade and our land) Europe wants in on Silk Road trade routes to China and the near East Greed-European nobles want to make a name for themselves and get rich-spoils of war Racial and religious prejudice “I hate you” concept

The Crusaders The variety of motivations resulted in a many different people being involved in the Crusades Men tired of hopeless poverty Adventurers seeking action Merchants looking for new markets Lords whose enlisting serfs had left them laborless Sincerely religious individuals wanting to rescue the land of Christ

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The Crusades The First Crusade (1096-1099) Why The Byzantine Empire had been fighting Muslims off for about 20 years The Seljuk Turks had also taken the Holy Land and Jerusalem prior to the plea for help

The Crusades Off we go In 1096 a massive Christian army heads off to the Holy Land by the way of Constantinople Along the way the crusaders destroy just about anything in their way (parts of Europe, Constantinople, the Holy Land) By 1099 the Crusaders reached Jerusalem and placed it under siege In a couple of weeks in 1099 Christians took Jerusalem, butchered every Muslim, Jew and even some Christians in the city Jerusalem was now in the hands of the Christians

The Crusades What happened afterwards The Crusaders established what was called the Latin Kingdoms These kingdoms served as the military and political strongholds for the Christians in the Middle East This allowed knights and nobles to Own land Become involved in trade and become rich

The Crusades The Latin Kingdoms The Crusaders were able to hold on to these Kingdoms for about 200 years however at a cost The Crusaders would have to fight a series of Crusades against the Turks, Arabs and other Muslims who wanted to drive the Christians out When the Muslims were successful in taking back land from the Crusaders then the Crusaders would start another Crusade

The Crusades The Second Crusade (1146-1149) One of the Latin Kingdoms falls to the Muslims Some immediate defeats of the Turks Ultimate the Christians were defeated

The Crusades The Third Crusade (1189-1192) Saladin the military leader of the Muslims captures Jerusalem in 1187 Saladin is probably the greatest military leader the Muslims have ever known Richard the Lion-Heart of England, Philip II Augustus of France and Frederick I Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire join together to fight Saladin

The Crusades The Third Crusade Richard does some nasty things while fighting the Muslims Killing every Muslim man, woman, and child in Acre Both Richard and Saladin’s forces face off in a series of battles Neither can gain the advantage on the other The Crusade ends in a stalemate Muslims keep Jerusalem but Christians were free to visit the city

The Crusades Later Crusades From 1200 to about 1291 a series of very unsuccessful Crusades are launched against the Muslims and even Christians The 4th Crusade (1202-1204) In the 4th Crusade targeted the Christian city of Constantinople instead of the Muslims (Crusaders were now just looking for land and wealth and saw a way to obtain it in Constantinople) The ideals of Chivalry were dying out and knights and nobles were killing whom ever and taking whatever they wanted

The Crusades Later Crusades In the 1200’s there was Children’s Crusade were young boys and girls went off to fight the Muslims Guess just how this ended up? Lots of children captured and enslaved Crusaders attacked Egypt and North Africa with little success The Turks During this same time the Turks were able to drive the Christians out of the Latin Kingdoms Most of the early crusaders who had established the kingdoms had died or went home In 1291 the last outpost for the Christians at Acre fell Christian presence in the Middle east was abandoned The Crusades were over

The Crusades Died Out Lack of interest, rising European prosperity Repeated military defeats Discredited by "crusades" against Christian Heretics Against the Albigensians in France Against the Hussites in Bohemia

Effects of Crusades Historians frequently call the Crusades “a successful failure.” While Europeans never regained permanent control of the Holy Land and many people were killed, cultural diffusion increased. Europeans began to trade with the Middle East.

Effects of Crusades Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans Stimulated Mediterranean trade Need to transfer large sums of money for troops and supplies led to development of banking techniques

Effects of Crusades Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of arms Romantic and imaginative literature increased European rediscovery of the Roman & Hellenistic knowledge which had been preserved by the Byzantine and Muslim Empires

Effects of Crusades Knowledge introduced to Europe Heavy stone masonry, construction of castles and stone churches Siege technology, tunneling, sapping. Moslem minarets adopted as church spires Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes in European Enrichment was primarily from East to West--Europe had little to give in return.

Crusades Bellwork What were three personal reasons why people might go on crusade? Indulgences, Serfs getting to leave land, no taxes, halt on debtor, getting out of jail, adventure, religious belief What were two more general reasons for European Crusades? Take the holy land, convert Muslims, Silk Road Trade Routes, Religious Conflict, Unify Christianity

Objective WWBAT: Discuss events on the crusades and the effects of the Crusades on Europe