By: Christian Merz & Kathryn Neely Childhood Obesity By: Christian Merz & Kathryn Neely

What is Childhood Obesity Overweight and obesity is are the results of “caloric imbalance”- too few calories expended for the amount of calories consumed- and are affected by genetics, behavioral, and environmental factors (CDC, 2014) The percentage of children age 6-11 years in the U.S who were obese increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2012. Similarly, the percent of adolescents aged 12-19 years who were obese increased from 5% to nearly 21% over the same period (CDC, 2014)

Learning Objectives By the conclusion of this session, attendees should be able to: Assess and identify risk factors and barriers to childhood obesity that relate to environmental, behavioral and genetic influences Able to identify poor nutritional habits and develop healthy nutrition plans using the FDA recommended guidelines Develop and initiate healthy behaviors using S.M.A.R.T goals

What does the research say? CDC.(2014)

Childhood obesity impact ~Obesity is estimated to costs $19,000/ child ~Childhood obesity among preschoolers is more prevalent among those from lower-income families ~ About 1 in 8 preschoolers is obese in the U.S. ~Children who are overweight or obese as preschoolers are 5x as likely as normal-weight children to be overweight or obese as adults. CDC, 2014

Risks of childhood obesity Asthma Diabetes Gallstones Heart Disease High Blood Pressure Liver Problems Menstrual Problems

How childhood obesity impacts nursing practice Education of disease processes Adult illnesses, adult body types and childhood mentalities

Ethical issues related to childhood obesity Limiting what schools offer regarding unhealthy foods Monitoring and regulating marketing of unhealthy foods to children Banning certain foods Pricing incentives for healthy food purchases (Govea, 2011)

Quality and Safety Issues Quality of life Stigma attached to obesity in children Early onset Depression Eating disorders Self-esteem Problems (Schwartz & Puhl, 2003)

Resources for families Myplate.gov http://www.webmd.com/living-healthy http://www.helpguide.org/articles/healthy-eating/nutrition-for-children- and-teens.htm http://www.eatright.org/kids/

Recommendations Health care providers educate families: ~ five groups of food that are building blocks for health diets ~Focus on fruits ~ Vary your veggies ~ make at least half your grains whole ~ Go lean with protein ~Get your calcium-rich foods Choosemyplate. (2014).

Recommendations Exercise Types of exercise: Muscle-strengthening activities: playground equipment, climbing trees, and tug of war Bone-strengthening activities- Running, jumping rope, basketball, tennis, and hopscotch Aerobic Activities: (rhythmically move large muscle) Running, hopping, skipping, swimming, dancing, and bicycling. Exercise

Summary and Review Nursing Practice Recommendations and Assessments Education Recommendations Organization recommendations Nursing Implications

References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). Childhood Obesity Facts. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/obesity/facts.htm Duke Global Health Institute. (2014). Over a Lifetime, Childhood Obesity costs $19,000 per child. Retrieved from: http://globalhealth.duke.edu/media/news/over-lifetime-childhood- obesity-costs-19000-child Govea J. Ethical concerns regarding interventions to prevent and control childhood obesity. Prev Chronic Dis 2011;8(5):A91. http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2011/sep/10_0288.htm. Kersh, R., Stroup, D.F., & Taylor, W.C. (2011). Childhood Obesity: A Framework for Policy Approaches and Ethical Considerations. Preventing Chronic Disease, 8(5), A93. Schwartz, M. B. and Puhl, R. (2003), Childhood obesity: a societal problem to solve. Obesity Reviews, 4: 57–71. doi: 10.1046/j.1467-789X.2003.00093.x