THE SUBJUNCTIVE

OVERVIEW – THE THREE MOODS The subjunctive mood is an alternative set of verb forms found in the present, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect tenses but not in the future or future perfect (although a kind of future can be made with the verb esse (to be) and the future participle). The subjunctive seems originally to have been employed to emphasise something happening in someone’s mind (a wish, thought etc.) rather than in reality but this meaning is not obvious in all of its uses The ordinary verb forms you have been learning so far are known as the indicative mood and the forms of ordering someone to do something (e.g. valē, valēte) make up the imperative mood.

MAIN USES Hopes, wishes, deliberation, possibility vivat Caesar! Long live Caesar! quid faciam What am I to do? When/since clauses with `cum’ cum magister abesset, discipulī lūdere incēpērunt When the teacher was away, the students started to play Mīlitēs, cum hostēs superāvissent, in castra revēnērunt When the soldiers had defeated the enemy, they went back to the camp. Purpose clauses Hannibal Alpēs trānsīvit ut Rōmānōs in Italiā oppugnāret Hannibal crossed the Alps so that he could attack the Romans in Italy Result clauses discipulī tantōs clāmōrēs sustulērunt ut caput mihi dōlēret The students made so much noise that my head hurt. Reported questions eum rogāvī ubi esset lātrīna I asked him where the toilet was. Reported commands/advice etc. centuriō mihi imperāvit ut carcerem custōdīrem The centurion ordered me to guard the prison Modestum monēbō nē plūra loquātur. I’ll warn Modestus not to speak any more. Subordinate clauses in reported speech dīcunt custōdēs pūblicōs fūrem comprehendisse quī pecūniam abstulisset They say the police have caught the thief who had stolen the money Counter-factual or remote conditionals sī Scipiō Hannibalem nōn vīcisset, Carthāgō domina Maris Mediterrāneī fuisset If Scipio had not defeated Hannibal, Carthage would have been mistress of the Mediterranean. sī pecūniam habērēmus, vōs adiuvārēmus If we had money, we would help you.

PRESENT TENSE Like footballers exchanging shirts at the end of a game, 1st conjugation (infinitive in –āre) and all other regular verbs (infinitives in –ere/ēre/īre) form the present subjunctive with the other side’s `signature vowel,’ adding personal endings after removing `ō’ from the first person singular indicative The first conjugation uses `e’ instead of `a’ (e.g. amat > amet) The other conjugations all use `a’(e.g dīcit > dīcat, monet > moneat, audit > audiat The only other change is using `m’ instead of `o’ as the first person singular ending e.g. amo > amem

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE – VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amem

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE – VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amem amēs

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE – VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amem amēs amet

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE – VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amem amēs amet amēmus

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE – VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amem amēs amet amēmus amētis

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE – VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amem amēs amet amēmus amētis ament

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amer

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amer amēris

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amer amēris amētur

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amer amēris amētur amēmur

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amer amēris amētur amēmur amēminī

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amer amēris amētur amēmur amēminī amentur

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE moneam

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE moneam moneās

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE moneam moneās moneat

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE moneam moneās moneat moneāmus

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE moneam moneās moneat moneāmus moneātis

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE moneam moneās moneat moneāmus moneātis moneant

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE monear

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE monear moneāris

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE monear moneāris moneātur

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE monear moneāris moneātur moneāmur

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE monear moneāris moneātur moneāmur moneāminī

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE monear moneāris moneātur moneāmur moneāminī moneantur

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regam

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regam regās

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regam regās regat

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regam regās regat regāmus

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regam regās regat regāmus regātis

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regam regās regat regāmus regātis regant

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regar

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regar regāris

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regar regāris regātur

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regar regāris regātur regāmur

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regar regāris regātur regāmur regāminī

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regar regāris regātur regāmur regāminī regantur

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiam

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiam audiās

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiam audiās audiat

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiam audiās audiat audiāmus

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiam audiās audiat audiāmus audiātis

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiam audiās audiat audiāmus audiātis audiant

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiar

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiar audiāris

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiar audiāris audiātur

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiar audiāris audiātur audiāmur

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiar audiāris audiātur audiāmur audiāminī

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiar audiāris audiātur audiāmur audiāminī audiantur

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM sim

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM sim sīs

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM sim sīs sit

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM sim sīs sit sīmus

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM sim sīs sit sīmus sītis

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM sim sīs sit sīmus sītis sint

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE The base for this tense is formed by adding the personal endings (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt in the active) to the infinitive and lengthening the e where possible. Latin vowels cannot be long before nt or before final m, t or r so we get: -em, –ēs, -et, -ēmus, -ētis, -ent (active) and -er, –ēris, -ētur, -ēmur, -ēminī, -entur (passive) For example: amāre > amārem, amārēs, amāret etc. audīre > audīrem, audīrēs, audīret etc. esse > essem, essēs, esset etc. ferre > ferrem, ferrēs, ferret etc.

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE regerem

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE regerem regerēs

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE regerem regerēs regeret

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE regerem regerēs regeret regerēmus

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE regerem regerēs regeret regerēmus regerētis

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE regerem regerēs regeret regerēmus regerētis regerent

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE regerer

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE regerer regerēris

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE regerer regerēris regerētur

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE regerer regerēris regerētur regerēmur

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE regerer regerēris regerētur regerēmur regerēminī

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE regerer regerēris regerētur regerēmur regerēminī regerentur

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE The base for this tense is formed by taking the final `e’ from the perfect infinitive and adding the endings –em, –ēs, -et, -ēmus, ētis, ent For example: amāvisse > amāvissem, amāvissēs, amāvisset etc. audīvisse > audīvissem, audīvissēs, audīvisset etc. fuisse > fuissem, fuissēs, fuisset etc. tulisse > tulissem, tulissēs, tulisset etc.

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxissem

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxissem rēxissēs

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxissem rēxissēs rēxisset

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxissem rēxissēs rēxisset rēxissēmus

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxissem rēxissēs rēxisset rēxissēmus rēxissētis

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxissem rēxissēs rēxisset rēxissēmus rēxissētis rēxissent

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus essem

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus essem rēctus essēs

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus essem rēctus essēs rēctus esset

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus essem rēctus essēs rēctus esset rēctī essēmus

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus essem rēctus essēs rēctus esset rēctī essēmus rēctī essētis

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus essem rēctus essēs rēctus esset rēctī essēmus rēctī essētis rēctī essent

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE This tense in the active voice is very similar to the Future Perfect tense of the indicative but has –erim instead of –erō for the first person singular. In the second person singular and the first and second person plural the `i’ linking the personal endings to the stem was originally long, but later became short. However, poets still make the `i’ long if it suits their metre! The Future perfect always has –eris, -erimus, -eritis but the Perfect Subjunctive has -erīs or -eris, -erīmus or -erimus, -erītis or –eritis. For example: Mihi dīc num pēnsum perfēcerītis (or perfēceritis) Tell me whether you have finished the job The `i’ in -erit and –erint is never long (since only short vowels are allowed before –nt or final –t) The PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE is made with the perfect participle and the PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of sum (i.e. sim, sīs, sit, sīmus, sītis, sint )

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxerim

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxerim rēxerīs (or –eris)

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxerim rēxerīs (or –eris) rēxerit

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxerim rēxerīs (or –eris) rēxerit rēxerīmus(or –erimus)

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxerim rēxerīs (or –eris) rēxerit rēxerīmus(or –erimus) rēxerītis (or –eritis)

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxerim rēxerīs (or –eris) rēxerit rēxerīmus(or –erimus) rēxerītis (or –eritis) rēxerint

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus sim

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus sim rēctus sīs

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus sim rēctus sīs rēctus sit

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus sim rēctus sīs rēctus sit rēctī sīmus

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus sim rēctus sīs rēctus sit rēctī sīmus rēctī sītis

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus sim rēctus sīs rēctus sit rēctī sīmus rēctī sītis rēctī sint