Unit 5- Ethics and Deviance

Contents Types of Deviance Why does Deviance occur? Sportsmanship / Gamesmanship / Cheating Contract to compete Match Fixing Violence Hooliganism Drug Use Drug Use- Athletics Case Studies Combating Deviance Governing Bodies The Law WADA

Types of Deviance Any behaviour which moves away from the perceived norm… Positive Deviance Without an intention to do harm or break the rules. Someone who trains or plays so hard they injure themselves. Someone who plays when injured Accidentally injuring someone within the rules of the game Negative Deviance Behaves in a way that knowingly breaks the rules or ethics of the sport. Using performance-enhancing drugs Being bribed to influence the results Illegal betting on the outcome Fielding ineligible players Always relative to the situation, punching someone during a boxing match is different to doing so in the street

Why does Deviance occur? Individuals lacks the moral restraint to resist Individuals value wining ahead of prospect of punishment Rewards for winning are so great that people are prepared to risk it. Deviant behaviour is more common so less socially unacceptable Governing bodies feel less able to punish, owing to commercial interests or fear of being taken to court.

Sportsmanship / Gamesmanship / Cheating Playing within both the rules and the etiquette of the sport Gamesmanship Playing within the rules but outside the etiquette of the sport “Bending rules” Cheating Playing outside the rules and therefore the etiquette of the sport Fielding an ineligible player Taking PEDs Playing out of turn in golf Ball Tampering Sledging in Cricket Appealing for a decision Diving in football “Refusing to walk” in Cricket Match Fixing Putting an opponent off at a free throw Betting on Matches Kicking the ball out for an injured opponent “Clapping a Batsman in”

Contract to Compete Agreement between everyone involved with sport… You strive to do your best- Otherwise you deprive opponents of achievement and spectators of getting what they paid for You do not break the rules in a desire to win You are expected to allow opponents a fair opportunity to win- taking of drugs or bribing an official However... Within the characteristics of the activity you can use all tactics, techniques etc. to prevent your opponent form beating you. (relative deviance

Match Fixing Breaks the contract to compete and is normally associated with illegal betting Stephen Lee- Snooker Suspicious betting patterns and Guilty of “influencing” the result of 7 matches Banned for 12 years Hansie Cronje- Cricket Given a lifetime ban in 2000, died in a “suspicious” plane crash in 2002 Nigerian FA- Football Two teams needed to “a better result” to secure promotion won 79-0 and 67-0. All 4 teams and officials given lifetime bans Nikolay Davydenko- Tennis Retired hurt in 3rd set and suspicious betting patterns were found, high profile Russian businessmen profited Robert Hoyzer- Football German 2nd division referee involved in £2 million scandal over several years. Lifetime ban and spent over 2 years in prison Pakistan- Cricket 4 players found guilty of “spot” fixing- Influencing the outcome of certain balls. Some faced Prison sentences others banned form Cricket. Tim Donaghy- Basketball Basketball referee who influenced games for his won (and others) betting patterns. Served 15 months in Prison Calipoli Scandal- Football Several top Italian Clubs influencing referee appointments Juventus, Lazio and Fiorentina relegated A.C Milan docked 15 points. West Germany V Austria 1982- Football West Germany needed a 1-0 win form both teams qualify from the group, they scored within 10 minutes and both teams just sat back. Technically didn’t break rules but forced change.

Violence Generally occurs in one of two ways… Spontaneous Outburst Ronan O'Gara Violence in Football- Video Ron Artest Generally occurs in one of two ways… Spontaneous Outburst Premeditated action NGBS Need to protect players Want to avoid negative media Want to avoid Police involvement Managers/Coaches “Responsible” for player conduct Players Responsible for their own actions Moral and ethical code Social learning

Hooliganism What ? Why ? Racist/Obscene chanting. Fighting with other hooligan groups. Vandalism and destruction of property. Interference with match (pitch invasions etc). Violence against non-hooligan groups. Why ? Ritualised behaviour- Rite of passage Outlet for aggressive tendencies. Tribal behaviour- Protecting their ‘turf’. Reaction to ticket prices- Losing “their game” Tension on the pitch- triggers a reaction by fans. How is it countered? Preventing known hooligans travelling to matches Control of alcohol Segregation of fans travelling to the game. Introduction of all-seater stadium Improved levels of stewarding and policing Introduction of CCTV Modern day face recognition software Sharing of intelligence across the UK and abroad. Not allowing players to gesture to the crowd Fining clubs and playing games behind closed doors.

Modern day methods have become more sophisticated… Drug Use Been an issue throughout Sporting History- Even 776 B.C. when Ancient Greeks First rule established against it in 1928 (International Association of Athletics- IAAF) Increased in prevalence with the Professionalisation of Sport Pressure to win 10th November 1999 World Anti Doping Agency (WADA) is established to co-ordinate the fight Modern day methods have become more sophisticated… Sport reflecting the technological and medical developments in society Testing organisations are always one step behind

Drug Use- Athletics Case Studies Ben Johnson (1988) Stripped of his gold medal for testing positive to an anabolic steroid. Originally banned for 2 years, later for life following a 2nd positive test in 1993 Ben Johnson, Seoul 1988 Diane Modahl (1994) First British athlete to be charged and subsequently banned for 4 years. One year later she was cleared as her samples weren’t handled correctly. Unsuccessfully attempted to sue British Athletics over a 5 year period. Dwain Chambers (2003) Stripped of his Silver medal (along with relay team-mates) for testing positive. Banned for 2 years from all competitions and given a lifetime Olympic Ban. Competed at London 2012 after his ban was overturned by the Court of Arbitration. Marion Jones (2007) On retirement, admitted to doping before the 2000 Sydney Olympics She is stripped of her 3 gold and 2 bronze medals and erased from all record books. In 2008, she was sentenced to 6 months in prison for lying in court. Justin Gatlin (2006) Accepted an 8 year ban following a positive test, offered this over a lifetime ban due to his co-operation. Claimed it had been due to a cream rubbed into his buttocks by a massage therapist Returned to the sport in 2010. Russia (2008) 7 female athletes found guilty of doping following a 16 month sting operation Russia (2015-Present) Investigation confirmed “widespread orchestrated cheating” throughout their Olympic programme and evidence was hidden by a Moscow laboratory.

Drug Use- Contemporary Case Studies Lance Armstrong Maria Sharapova

Links… https://sportsanddrugs.procon.org/view.timeline.php?timelineID=000017 (Drugs Timeline) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQ6dwD2S9yI (100% me) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jR9CUGBVH-Q (Catch me if you can) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnnZw_mBr2s (Ethics Podcast) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezejtROsPfo&list=PLzh4kOin3WAq1tChGwvRfUU_Hxx84Ae 74&index=4 (Contract to compete) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0ZQqTJouJo&index=11&list=PLzh4kOin3WAq1tChGwvRfU U_Hxx84Ae74 (Sport and the law)