APUSH Review: America’s History, Chapter 19

The New Metropolis The Shape of the Industrial City Steam engines replaced water power in cities Mass Transit Trolley cars, elevated railroads, and subways emerged in large cities Skyscrapers First appeared in Chicago - Chicago School led by Louis Sullivan Allowed landowners to make $ on small plots of land by building up The Electric City Electricity emerged in cities in the later 19th century “A light is as good as a policeman.”

The New Metropolis Newcomers and Neighborhoods Men and women moved to cities from rural areas (in addition to immigrants) Financial opportunities were available Immigrants often lived in the same communities - ethnic clustering Many institutions served ethnic communities - newspapers, singing societies, Yiddish theater, etc. African Americans began moving to cities (more so after WWI) Virtually all faced discrimination - few jobs were available Porters and domestic servants Race Riots: Attacks on African Americans by white mobs - Atlanta, 1906, 24 blacks were killed Tenement Houses - (Dumbell Tenements) 5-6 story, cramped apartments, many families sharing few rooms Key Concept 6.1, II, A, The industrial workforce expanded through migration across national borders and internal migration, leading to a more diverse workforce, lower wages, and an increase in child labor.

The New Metropolis City Cultures Urban Amusements Vaudeville Theater - music, skits, and magic shows Nickelodeons - $.05 movie theaters Amusement parks - Coney Island, NY - inspired other amusement parks throughout the country Ragtime and City Blues Ragtime - popular among all classes and races Introduced at the Chicago’s World Fair in 1893 - Devil in the White City, Erik Larsen Blues - appealed to individuals in cities - spoke of handwork and heartache Sex and the City Dating became more acceptable in large cities without chaperones Men often paid for women since women had little $ - earned less wages New York City had a large gay population - 1969 Stonewall Riots

The New Metropolis City Cultures High Culture Rich helped promote museums - some out of a sense of duty NY’s MOMA in 1880 Andrew Carnegie helped create over 1,000 libraries across the nation - Gospel of Wealth Urban Journalism Yellow Journalism - sensationalizing and exaggerating news stories in order to sell newspapers Cause of the Spanish-American War Looking for a good book on yellow journalism? Murder of the Century, Paul Collins Muckrakers - term coined by Teddy Roosevelt to describe the journalists that exposed corruption and problems of society

Governing the Great City **The Shame of the Cities** - Lincoln Steffens: Wrote about the corruption between municipal (city) governments and big businesses Urban Machines Many utilities were provided by private businesses, not the city government Political Machines: (See video on Tammany Hall in description) Tammany Hall, NYC Controlled many aspects of city government Provided jobs, food, $, etc. to constituents in exchange for votes and support George Washington Plunkitt - leader of Tammany Hall, favored “honest graft” “Boss” Tweed - favored “dishonest graft” - bribery, stole over $200 million, later caught in Cuba due to Thomas Nast! The Limits of Machine Government Mayors (Quincy in Boston) began to build public pools, gyms, playgrounds and other spaces Also fought to lower fares on streetcars Key Concept 6.2, II, D In an urban atmosphere where the access to power was unequally distributed, political machines provided social services in exchange for political support, settlement houses helped immigrants adapt to the new language and customs, and women’s clubs and self-help groups targeted intellectual development and social and political reform.

Crucibles of Progressive Reform Fighting Dirt and Vice ***How the Other Half Lives*** - Jacob Riis Helped expose plight of the poor in tenement houses Looking for a good book? Island of Vice, Richard Zacks Cleaning Up Urban Environments Disease spread through cities quickly - cholera, typhoid fever - led to a clean-water initiative New sewage and drainage systems were established in large cities “City Beautiful” movement - sought to increase and improve the number of park spaces Closing Red Light Districts Reasons that women entered prostitution: Low paying jobs, hard economic times, abuse, etc. Mann Act - made it illegal to transport prostitutes across state lines Key Concept 6.1, I, D.: As cities grew substantially in both size and in number, some segments of American society enjoyed lives of extravagant “conspicuous consumption,” while many others lived in relative poverty.

Crucibles of Progressive Reform The Movement for Social Settlements Hull House - Jane Addams, Chicago, IL, 1889 Helped poor women, immigrants, and children adjust to city life Provided a bathhouse, day care, etc. Inspired other settlement houses through the country Became instrumental in social work and the Progressive movement Margaret Sanger: Advocated birth control (illegal in many areas at the time) Key Concept 6.3, II, C: Challenging their prescribed “place,” women and African American activists articulated alternative visions of political, social, and economic equality.

Crucibles of Progressive Reform Cities and National Politics Upton Sinclair - The Jungle (1906) Helped inspire the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) National Consumer’s League (NCL) - led by Florence Kelley Advocated laws to protect workers Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire - March 25, 1911 146 employees died - average age was 19 Alfred Smith - NY state legislator and future presidential candidate established a commission to investigate the disaster Helped inspire new laws Frances Perkins - saw the fire from Columbia University Became the first woman appointed to a presidential cabinet (FDR) Looking for a good book? Triangle - David von Drehle

Quick Recap For Chapter 19 Tenement Houses - Jacob Riis Immigrants lived in similar communities Yellow Journalism - Spanish American War Muckrakers Political Machines - Boss Tweed Settlement Houses - Jane Addams and the Hull House The Jungle and its effects Frances Perkins

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