Introduction I. History of Life A. Background Thoughts Major Contributors Contributions & Controversies 1. Aristotle, 300BC Scalae Naturae = fixed state 2. Theology Creationism 3. Linnaeus, 1700’s Taxonomy 4. Buffon, 1700’s Multiple creation sites & times 5. Hutton, 1700’s Earth older than 6,000yrs 6. Malthus, 1700’s Resources limits populations 7. Cuvier, 1800’s Catastrophism 8. Lyell, 1800’s Uniformitarianism

B. Idea Evolution Contributor Contribution 1. Anaxamander, 300BC Striving for Complexity 2. Lamarck, 1800’s Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics 3. Mendel, 1860’s Genetics and Inheritance Natural Selection and Descent with Modification 4. Darwin, 1860’s

II. What is Life? A. Living from Non-living 1. Characteristics of Life a. Highly Organized Figure 1.4

b. Transform Energy Figure 1.9

c. Reproduce

d. Grow and Develop

e. Irritable & Adaptable

f. Practice Homeostasis

i. Mechanisms Negative vs. Positive Figure 1.11

B. Studying Life 1. Scientific Method a. Reasoning b. Process Experimental variables: i. Independent = ii. Dependent = iii. Control = Figure 1.22

Theory Law Figure 1.22

C. Classifying Life (Taxonomy) 1. Categories D, K, P, C, O, F, G, & S Kingdom Monera Kingdom Protista Figure 1.13 Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Animalia Figure 1.13

III. Characteristics of Animals A. Shared Characteristics Multi-celled heterotrophs Contractile Proteins Special Tissues Stages of Development Motile Fixed Adult Size

IV. Evidence of Selection A. Fossil Record The fossil record is based on what two key points of data to age identify them? 1. Strata Positioning Magnetic Reversal 2. Half-Life Dating & Racemization

B. Comparative Anatomy 1. Analogous structures = Figure 22.18

2. Homologous Structures = Figure 22.15 3. Vestigial Structures =

C. Comparative Embryology Similarities in developmental patterns in animals Figure 32.9 Figure 32.10

D. Molecular Homology E. Current Evidence 1. Artificial Selection Homologies between species (yeast, wheat, & primate) in the sequential amino acid make-up of cytochrome C3. E. Current Evidence 1. Artificial Selection