Bellwork Take out your chart on the Progressive Presidents

Teddy Roosevelt 1901-1909 “square deal” Taft 1909-1913 Wilson 1913-1921 “New Freedom” Conserv. Preserved 170 million acres of land Created National Parks Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy Not a conservationist RR Greatly strengthened RR legislation Elkins Act – ICC can impose harsh RR fines, Hepburn Act - ICC can regulate RR rates appealed to the press to get his leg. passed Mann-Elkins Act – ICC can regulate telecommunications Industry Adamson Act, 8 hr workday for RR workers Labor Action/Leg. Created the department of Labor and Commerce Separated the Dept. of Labor and Commerce The Kern-McGillcuddy Act – workers comp, Keating Owens Act – outlawed child labor, Adamson Act – guaranteed 8 hr. workday

Teddy Roosevelt Taft Wilson Regulation of Trusts Busted up Northern Securities (JP Morgan) Reign in / not destroy trusts More than twice the anti-trust suits than TR Established the FTC – not strong anti-trust Clayton Anti-Trust Act Public Health Pure Food & Drug Act Idea of Universal Health Insurance (not centralized by fed. Gov.) Est. health care facilities Tariff Proposals Believed in expert tariff commission by businessmen, not politicians Payne Aldrich Tariff Act Underwood Simmons Tariff (reduced tariffs) 16th amendment – income tax Banking Leg. Aldrich Vreeland Act – put more money in circulation Postal Saving Bank Act Established Federal Reserve Act (bank of Banks)

Paragraph How did the chaotic conditions of urban America in the Gilded Age contribute to“progressive” reforms in the early 20th century? Be sure to cite specifics from the Gilded Age as well as specific changes as a result of the progressive movement.

Reviewing Main Ideas

The Progressive Era Part II

SSUSH14 – The student will explain America’s evolving relationship with the world at the turn of the twentieth century Explain the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and anti-Asian immigration sentiment on the west coast. Describe the Spanish-American War, the war in the Philippines, and the debate over American expansionism. Explain U.S. involvement in Latin America, as reflected by the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and the creation of the Panama Canal.

Imperialism Toward the end of the 1800’s, citizens in the U.S. believed in imperialism. The belief that the U.S. needed to acquire more territory beyond its borders. Reasons for expansion it opened up new markets & great potential for economic growth 2. Help us to maintain national security 3. Believed it was our destiny (nationalistic spirit) to expand.

Isolationism While more and more U.S. citizens were advocating imperialism, others preached isolationism. The belief that it was NOT in the best interests of the U.S. to acquire and exercise control over foreign territories. Why Isolationism? It would keep us out of foreign conflicts Believed it was not economically or politically wise to expand. Believed it contradicted the principles of freedom and self-government

The US as a World Power The U.S. promoted trade with but avoided diplomatic conflicts with Europe

The US as a World Power The U.S. promoted trade with but avoided diplomatic conflicts with Europe The U.S. used the Monroe Doctrine in Latin America but viewed the Caribbean as an “American Lake” & Latin America as a vast potential market for U.S. goods

The U.S. coveted Hawaii & control of the sea lanes to China The US as a World Power The U.S. promoted trade with but avoided diplomatic conflicts with Europe The U.S. used the Monroe Doctrine in Latin America but viewed the Caribbean as an “American Lake” & Latin America as a vast potential market for U.S. goods The U.S. coveted Hawaii & control of the sea lanes to China

The U.S. as a World Power: Alaska Canada became a dominion of England in 1867 and Seward hoped to convince England to give up Canada; thus the purchase of Alaska Secretary of State William Seward (under Lincoln & Johnson) hoped to annex Canada & Mexico for the USA

The U.S. as a World Power: Alaska In 1867, Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million Canada became a dominion of England in 1867 and Seward hoped to convince England to give up Canada; thus the purchase of Alaska Secretary of State William Seward (under Lincoln & Johnson) hoped to annex Canada & Mexico for the USA

The U.S. as a World Power: Latin America Sec of State William Blaine (under Garfield & Harrison) emphasized a “Good Neighbor Policy” & created bilateral treaties to secure U.S. trade U.S. businesses flooded Latin America with goods, bought raw materials, & undercut local Latin American businesses

The U.S. as a World Power: Hawaii U.S. missionaries & prospectors 1st arrived in Hawaii in the 1820s; By the 1870s, Hawaii was dominated by sugar & fruit plantation owners who called for U.S. annexation In 1887, the US gained Pearl Harbor as a naval base In 1891, U.S. planters led an overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani & Hawaii became a republic in 1894 under Sanford Dole

The U.S. as a World Power: Hawaii U.S. missionaries & prospectors 1st arrived in Hawaii in the 1820s; By the 1870s, Hawaii was dominated by sugar & fruit plantation owners who called for U.S. annexation In 1887, the US gained Pearl Harbor as a naval base In 1891, U.S. planters led an overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani & Hawaii became a republic in 1894 under Sanford Dole “The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe, and this is the golden hour for the United States to pluck it.” —John Foster, Sec of State under Harrison

Hawaii was annexed in 1898 under President McKinley Do you see any short- & long-term significance to annexing Hawaii? Hawaii is the stepping-stone to the vast Asian markets

The U.S. as a World Power: China The U.S. was eager to trade with China; but China was divided into European spheres of influence

The U.S. as a World Power: China The U.S. Open Door Policy in 1900 suggested that no nation would have an exclusive sphere of influence in China The U.S. was eager to trade with China; but China was divided into European spheres of influence

The Spanish-American War

Causes of the Spanish-American War U.S. presidents from Jefferson to McKinley saw the benefits for the U.S. of gaining Cuba The Spanish- American War to assist Cuba’s Independence was the most popular war since the American Revolution Cuba & Puerto Rico were last remnants of Spain’s empire

Causes of the Spanish-American War By the 1860s, the only remaining pieces of the Spanish Empire were Cuba, Puerto Rico, & Philippines José Martí led Cubans in revolt against Spain in 1895 Spanish General Weyler used a re-concentration policy (torture & destruction of the Cuban food supply) to try to end the Cuban independence movement

American Involvement Presidents Cleveland & McKinley both remained neutral regarding Cuban independence until: Newspapers used sensationalist“yellow journalism” which boosted U.S. sympathy for Cuba In 1898, the USS Maine, sent to protect U.S. interests in Cuba, exploded in Havana harbor

Pulitzer’s The World & Hearst’s New York Journal

The Spanish-American War In April 1898, Congress declared war on Spain, but added the Teller Amendment to the war declaration stated that the U.S. had no plans to annex Cuba The war led to patriotic outburst: Ex-Confederates served & symbolically united North & South Women & African-Americans volunteered in mass numbers “Populists, Democrats, & Republicans are we. But we are all Americans to make Cuba free.”

Spanish-American War was fought in 2 theaters: Cuba & the Philippines Even the elite joined: Teddy Roosevelt led the Rough Riders in Cuba “What a splendid little war.” —John Hay, Secretary of State under President McKinley The war lasted only 113 days & resulted in 5,500 deaths (mostly from disease, only 379 died in battle)

Results of Spanish-American War U.S. & Spain signed the Treaty of Paris on Dec 10, 1898: Cuba gained independence U.S. gained Puerto Rico & Guam What to do with the Philippines? The U.S. did not want it, but Germany did, so the U.S. annexed the Philippines

The U.S. did not deem Filipinos “ready” for self-rule War in the Philippines The U.S. did not deem Filipinos “ready” for self-rule Filipinos welcomed war with Spain & aided the U.S. in the Pacific, but they grew angry when the U.S. refused to grant independence Emilio Aguinaldo led a guerilla-style rebellion that lasted 3 years: Cost 4,300 U.S. lives & between 50,000 & 200,000 native lives The U.S. resorted to Weyler-style brutality: torture, starvation, rape

War in the Philippines McKinley appointed William Taft to the Philippine Commission: Built schools, roads, & bridges Improved taxes & sanitation Created local governments that honored Filipino culture Aguinaldo was captured & urged an end to the fighting Philippines gained independence on July 4, 1946

The “American Empire” in 1900 How should the new lands in the new “empire” be governed? Citizenship? Voting? Hawaii, Alaska, & Puerto Rico were made territories with appointed governors & granted U.S. citizenship The navy controlled Guam & Samoa

The “American Empire” in 1900 The Platt Amendment created a new Cuban constitution but forced Cuba to give up land for U.S. naval bases, pay off U.S. war debts, Cuba could not sign a foreign treaty that hurt the U.S., & the U.S. could intervene in Cuba at any time How should the new lands in the new “empire” be governed? Citizenship? Voting? Hawaii, Alaska, & Puerto Rico were made territories with appointed governors & granted U.S. citizenship The navy controlled Guam & Samoa

Our Sphere of Influence

Conclusions: The USA as a New World Power

Impact of Spanish-American War Just as the Depression of 1893 led to a shift in domestic policy, the Spanish-American War led to shift in U.S. foreign policy: The U.S. gained overseas territories & was recognized as a legitimate “world power” Increased the power of the American president

PRESIDENTIAL DIPLOMACIES Roosevelt Corollary – US would intervene in Latin American Affairs when necessary to maintain economic & political stability Big Stick Diplomacy – “Speak Softly and carry a big stick.” US did not intend to be a threatening presence, but it would not hesitate to forcefully protect its own interests

PRESIDENTIAL DIPLOMACIES Dollar Diplomacy – a policy of joining the business interests of a country with its diplomatic interests abroad Moral diplomacy - the system in which support is given only to countries whose moral beliefs are the same as ours.

Japan Japan agrees to trade with the U.S. Japan adopts western technology and launched their own industrial revolution.

Panama Canal French company had agreed to sell rights and property in Panama to the US. US supported a revolt in Panama & then recognized Panama’s independence. US signs a treaty allowing the canal to be built.