Part II: building the new nation The American Pageant: Chapters 9 and 10

Society of Cincinnati Formed by The Continental Army officers Henry Knox Membership limited Hereditary Ongoing fellowship

Republican Motherhood Cultivate virtuous citizens Keepers of the national conscience

Equality The 1st Continental Congress called for the complete abolition of the slave trade in 1774.  Northern states: Slavery or gradual emancipation Mass. first No states south of Pennsylvania abolished slavery. The Philadelphia Quakers in 1775 founded the first anti-slavery society.

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom created in 1786 by Thomas Jefferson Led to the establishment and free exercise clause of the first amendment.

The role of the states and the economy States created own constitutions Mandate of Second Continental Congress Represented fundamental law Poor economy No imports from Britain War debt

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION The Second Continental Congress issued a set of laws called the Articles of Confederation in 1781 First frame work/outline for our federal government Split power between National Government and States

ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION Established National governments ability to wage war, sign treaties, coin money, run post office Land Ordinance of 1785 Sale of land-proceeds to pay natl. debt 36 sections of one square mile (640 acres) Land reserved for education (profits from sale of section 16) and veterans (8,11,26 &29)

Northwest Ordinance 0f 1787 Land north of Ohio River and East of Miss. River would be open Provided a path to statehood for future states Excluded slavery Supported public ed.

WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLE OF CONFEDERATION Congress could not collect taxes/not regulate commerce Each state had one vote regardless of population No executive branch No national court system All states needed to agree to pass any law Lacked national unity Weak Central Gov’t Most serious problem

SHAYS’ REBELLION Weakness of the Central (National) government Farmers in Mass. rose up in protest over increased taxes/debts they owed to creditors Capt. Daniel Shays led 1,200 farmers toward the arsenal in Springfield Event convinced leaders that the AofC were too weak, need a stronger central govt. 1787

CREATING A NEW GOVERNMENT Philadelphia May 1787 Need to strengthen the central government Members decided to create an entirely new Constitution instead of amending the Articles Series of compromises “Compromise”

VIRGINIA VS. NEW JERSEY PLANS Virginia Plan: Large State Bicameral Legislation based on state population New Jersey Plan: Small state Unicameral Legislation based on one state = one vote

GREAT COMPROMISE Roger Sherman Bicameral Congress with House of Reps based on population (VA Plan) and Senate based on one state = one vote (NJ Plan) Division of powers

THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISE Next difficult issue: Slavery Southern states wanted slaves included in the population figures used to determine Representatives Northern states which had few slaves, disagreed Compromise was to count each slave as 3/5ths of a person

Constitution as submitted to states: Separation of powers, into 3 branches Authority of Congress to declare war Guaranteed the legality of slavery Electoral College to guard the presidency from direct popular election State of the Union message Provision for ratifying the Constitution Federalism Bicameral (created by Great Compromise) Enumeration of the powers of Congress Three Fifths Compromise

It did NOT contain: 2 term limit for President Universal suffrage Presidential cabinet Direct election of Senators Guarantees of freedom of speech and press (Bill of R.) Right to speedy public trial (Bill of Rights) Idea of political parties (Framers were AGAINST it)

Changing the Articles/Acceptance of the Constitution Unanimous vote from all 13 colonies to amend AoC This would never happen so they changed the rule. As soon as 9 states ratified Constitution via state conventions it would be law of the land.

State Conventions Quickly signed by many (see page 193) Mass. signed after guarantee of Bill of Rights 9 states ratified by June of 1788 (6 months later) Officially adopted: June 21st, 1788 Holdouts: VA, NY, NC, RI Rhode Island last in 1790

Federalists For Constitution The separation of powers into three independent branches protected the rights of the people. A listing of rights can be a dangerous thing. Hamilton, Adams, and Madison Controlled the Press, wealthier, better educated Notable supporters: George Washington, B. Franklin

Federalist Papers John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton “Publius” To support ratification 85 essays on how government would run best #10 – large republic #84 – against Bill of Rights #78 – judicial review

Anti -Federalists Anti-federalists feared a strong central govt could become tyrannical President would have too much power Congress would levy heavy taxes National govt could overwhelm states Govt might raise standing army There was no bill of rights. Poorest classes and states rights devotees Sam Adams, Henry, Richard Henry Lee

Chapter 10 Population doubling every 25 years. 90 percent of population was rural. Only 5 percent lived west of the Appalachian Mts. Less trusting of govt. Spanish to west Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, and Vermont were admitted as states.

Washington as President Unanimously drafted as president by the Electoral College in 1789 DID NOT want the job Started the Cabinet Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Secretary of War: Henry Knox.

Bill of Rights Wrote to appease Anti-Federalists Drafted by James Madison, adopted 1791

The Judiciary Act of 1789 created a federal court system Office of Attorney General was created and filled by Edmond Randolph. John Jay became the first Chief Justice of Supreme Ct. There were 5 associate justices with a total of 6 justices on the bench.

Hamilton’s Economic Policies Promote economic growth Strengthen the nation’s finances Give financial interests (such as Eastern Merchants) a stake in the new govt. Burr Hamilton

Hamilton’s Proposals: Funding at Par – federal gov’t would pay off debts at face value + interest using bonds and funded by tariffs. Assumption - Federal govt would “assume” all state debts. capital would be located at the mouth of the Potomac River to appease states with small debts Custom duties/Excise taxes Expand domestic manufacturing National Bank of the United States – Coin money to keep the currency stable

Hamilton v. Jefferson Jefferson said bank was unconstitutional because it was not in the constitution (STRICT) Hamilton said it was necessary and proper and the “elastic clause” would permit this action (LOOSE) Washington asked Jefferson and Hamilton to prepare reports on why each of their opinions should be upheld. Hamilton’s proposal accepted. A precedent for federal powers

Whiskey Rebellion Moonshiners protested the excise tax on whiskey by a violent revolt that was ultimately suppressed by a militia raised by George Washington. This showed that government had power to levy taxes and it was uncalled for if somebody tried to overthrow that power. Commentary

The French Revolution Washington proclaimed neutrality in the war. Gamble to start war with fragile country Jeffersonian’s Democratic Republicans did not like the idea of being neutral Edmond Genet - sent to persuade the Americans into joining the war

French Revolution

Leading up to the War of 1812 British gave Native Americans firearms Treaty of Greenville gave Native Americans money and the right to hunt in the Old Northwest in exchange for end of ownership rights to land. British attacked American ships and damaged about 300. thought Americans were helping France Anti-Federalists wanted War The Federalists disliked war as Hamilton’s Policies depended on trade with Britain.

Jay's Treaty Americans paid back their pre war debt to England England would evacuate forts in North America. British pay damages on ships they seized This was unpopular. Northern merchants are repaid while Southern plantations have to pay pre war debt

Pinckney’s Treaty Spain fears British American alliance and strikes a deal with the U.S. Gives U.S. the disputed territory N of Florida Spain gave America free navigation of Miss. River.

Washington’s Farewell Address Stay away from political parties and the dangers of foreign entanglements “However [political parties] may now and then answer popular ends, they are likely in the course of time and things, to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people and to usurp for themselves the reins of government, destroying afterwards the very engines which have lifted them to unjust dominion.”

John Adams – 2nd President Federalist 71-68 electoral vote that led to Adams being the President and Jefferson being Vice President

XYZ Affair Adams sent three mediators (called X, Y, and Z) to France after French attacks on American ships. The French asked to have $250,000 in order to see the Talleyrand (foreign minister) Americans wanted war Navy created Marine Corps were reestablished. Army of 10000 men was authorized (not actually raised).

XYZ Affair

Peace with France Napoleon took over French Government Ended Franc0-American Alliance U.S. paid for destroyed French ships

Federalist Control Naturalization Act - naturalization period 14 years Alien Acts – Gave the government the right to deport any “dangerous” alien even in peacetime. Sedition Act – Made it illegal to speak out against the government

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Jefferson and Madison Violating Constitution -> state nullifying law Not adopted Supreme Court would have power