Environmental Science- Mrs. Hilliard Chapter 6 & 7 Warm Ups Environmental Science- Mrs. Hilliard

Chapter 6 & 7 Vocabulary Biome Nekton Climate Benthos Latitude Littoral zone Altitude Benthic zone Emergent layer Eutrophication Epiphyte Estuary Understory Salt marsh Permafrost Mangrove swamp Wetland Barrier island Plankton Coral reef

Chapter 6 & 7 Vocabulary Biome- large region characterized by a specific type of climate and certain types of plant and animal communities. Epiphyte- a plant that uses another plant for support, but not for nourishment. Understory- a foliage layer that is beneath and shaded by the main canopy of a forest. Climate- the average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time. Permafrost- in artic regions, the permanently frozen layer of soil or subsoil. Latitude- the distance north or south from the equator, expressed in degrees. Wetland- an area of land that is periodically underwater or whose soil contains a great deal of moisture. Altitude- the height of an object above a reference point, such as sea level or the Earth’s surface. Plankton- the mass of mostly microscopic organisms that float or drift freely in the waters of aquatic (freshwater and marine) environments. Emergent layer- the top foliage layer in a forest where the trees extend above the surrounding trees.

Chapter 6 & 7 Vocabulary Nekton- all organisms that swim in open water, independent of currents. Salt marsh- a maritime habitat characterized by grasses, sedges, and other plants that have adapted to continual, periodic flooding. Benthos- organisms that live at the bottom of oceans or bodies of fresh water. Mangrove swamp- a tropical or subtropical marine swamp that is characterized by the abundance of low to tall trees, especially mangrove trees. Littoral zone- a shallow zone in a freshwater habitat where light reaches the bottom and nurtures plants. Benthic zone- the bottom region of oceans and bodies of fresh water. Barrier island- a long ridge of sand or narrow island that lies parallel to the shore. Eutrophication- an increase in the amount of nutrients, such as nitrates, in a marine or aquatic ecosystem. Coral reef- a limestone ridge found in tropical climates and composed of coral fragments that are deposited around organic remains. Estuary- an area where fresh water from rivers mixes with salt water from the ocean.

Biomes Animals in the desert normally come out at what time? What are some characteristics of the tundra? What plants can be found in the Taiga? THE DISTANCE NORTH OR SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR IS MEASURED IN DEGREES CALLED WHAT? What determines the type of plants that grow in a biome?

Biomes Animals in the desert normally come out at what time? At night/They are nocturnal to prevent losing water during the heat of the day What are some characteristics of the tundra? It has permanently frozen soil beneath the top layer of soil, it can be easily damaged by humans, there are few animals, insects, and plants that can live in such an extreme environment. What plants can be found in the Taiga? coniferous trees, such as pine, fir, and spruce. (forest Biome) THE DISTANCE NORTH OR SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR IS MEASURED IN DEGREES CALLED WHAT? Latitude What determines the type of plants that grow in a biome? Temperature and precipitation

Vegetation in biomes Biomes with high temperatures and low precipitation would have what type of vegetation? What is threatening tropical rain forests? What can happen after storms as forests are removed by deforestation? What are wetlands useful for? Where do estuaries receive their nutrients (what water sources)?

Vegetation in biomes Biomes with high temperatures and low precipitation would have what type of vegetation? Shorter, less dense vegetation What is threatening tropical rain forests? Humans causing deforestation and the rain forest plant and animal trade What can happen after storms as forests are removed by deforestation? Floods What are wetlands useful for? Preventing Flooding (decreasing runoff), absorbing and removing pollutants from water, trapping carbon that would be released into the air Where do estuaries receive their nutrients (what water sources)? Rivers and Oceans (fresh water and salt water)

pollution What causes coastal pollution in the U.s.? Where are swamps typically found? Where do you find most marine organisms? As rivers flow from a mountain to flatter ground, what do they do? What are some threats to ocean ecosystems?

pollution What causes coastal pollution in the U.s.? Industrial waste and sewage Where are swamps typically found? In flat, poorly drained Land Where do you find most marine organisms? Shallow, Coastal waters As rivers flow from a mountain to flatter ground, what do they do? Become wider, warmer, and slower flowing What are some threats to ocean ecosystems? Sewage, Algal blooms, nutrient runoff, industrial waste discharge, overfishing, and marine mammals getting entangled in trawl nets.

Aquatic Ecosystems The types of organisms that are found in lakes and ponds depends on what? What zone in aquatic ecosystems has diverse and abundant life? What zone in aquatic ecosystems is the water cool and dark? What is the difference in Nekton and Benthos?

Aquatic Ecosystems The types of organisms that are found in lakes and ponds depends on what? The amount of sunlight available, the temperature of the water, and the presence of nutrients. What zone in aquatic ecosystems has diverse and abundant life? The littoral zone What zone in aquatic ecosystems is the water cool and dark? Benthic zone What is the difference in Nekton and Benthos? Nekton swim freely and Benthos often live attached to a hard surface or move with the currents.

Aquatic organisms Which organisms produce most of the food in aquatic ecosystems? What determines The arrangement of organisms in the open ocean? What are some characteristics of wetlands?

Aquatic organisms Which organisms produce most of the food in aquatic ecosystems? Phytoplankton What determines The arrangement of organisms in the open ocean? The Amount of nutrients and sunlight that are available What are some characteristics of wetlands? Wetlands have plentiful nutrients and the capacity for photosynthesis, Wetlands are perceived historically as disease-infested wastelands, Wetlands have varied populations of plants and animals, and wetlands can be freshwater or Saltwater.

Aquatic ecosystems Why is an estuary considered a mineral trap (traps minerals)? how are coral reefs formed? What are the two main fresh water wetlands? What ecosystem has the highest level of salinity?

Aquatic ecosystems Why is an estuary considered a mineral trap (traps minerals)? The mixing of river water and ocean water (minerals like salt and calcium, etc) how are coral reefs formed? By the secretion of calcium carbonate by tiny marine animals. What are the two main fresh water wetlands? Swamps and marshes What ecosystem has the highest level of salinity? Salt marsh

Ocean What are some threats to coral reefs? Why doesn’t photosynthesis occur in the deep ocean? What biome has plants that are low-lying evergreen shrubs and trees with small, leathery leaves? What is the amount of dissolved salts in water called? Where do you find coral reefs?

Ocean What are some threats to coral reefs? Oil Spills, Sewage, and pesticides Why doesn’t photosynthesis occur in the deep ocean? There isn’t any sunlight What biome has plants that are low-lying evergreen shrubs and trees with small, leathery leaves? Chaparral What is the amount of dissolved salts in water called? Salinity Where do you find coral reefs? In shallow, warm water where there is enough light for photosynthesis

Where’s that biome? What biome receives 200-450 cm of rain per year? What biome receives less than 25 cm of rain per year? What are some animals you would expect to see in a savanna? As you travel from the north pole to the equator, what biomes would you pass through?

Where’s that biome? What biome receives 200-450 cm of rain per year? Tropical rain forest What biome receives less than 25 cm of rain per year? Desert What are some animals you would expect to see in a savanna? Large herds of grazing animals, such as rhinos, gazelles, and giraffes. As you travel from the north pole to the equator, what biomes would you pass through? Tundra, Taiga, grASSLANDS, TEMPERATE RAIN FOREST, DESERT, TROPICAL RAIN FOREST

What’s in it? What are some characteristics of a temperate rain forest? Which biome is located primarily in coastal areas that have Mediterranean-style climates with warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters? What is an Adaptation of desert animals that help them survive in the hot, dry desert?

What’s in it? What are some characteristics of a temperate rain forest? high humidity and moderate temperatures, abundant mosses, ferns, and lichens, and large hardwood trees such as oak, maple, and hickory. Which biome is located primarily in coastal areas that have Mediterranean-style climates with warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters? Chaparral What is an Adaptation of desert animals that help them survive in the hot, dry desert? Searching for food at night