Ecology The study of the relationships between living things and with their environments.

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Presentation transcript:

Ecology The study of the relationships between living things and with their environments.

The environment is everything that surrounds an animal or plant

The habitat is the place where an animal or plant lives

Habitats Each habitat has its own environment which suits the plants and animals that live in it Each habitat has its own community of plants and animals

Interdependence Animals and plants in a habitat depend on each other for food, shelter and pollination Examples: rabbits depend on grass for food buttercups depend on bees for pollination hedgehogs need dead leaves for shelter birds use trees for shelter

Food chains Order in which animals eat plants and other animals Each part of a food chain is a link connected to other links

All energy comes from the sun Plants harness the sun’s energy by photosynthesis

Producers We call plants producers because they produce energy from the sun directly.

Herbivores Many animals eat only plants-they are vegetarians and are called herbivores Animals that eat plants are primary (first feeding level) consumers

Carnivores and Omnivores Animals that only eat other animals are called carnivores Animals that eat both plants and other animals are called omnivores These animals are secondary (second feeding level) consumers

Decomposers Organisms which feed on dead animals and plants eg bacteria, fungi, earthworms They are consumers as they don’t make their own food They release minerals locked in dead animals and plants

Feeding Relationships Producers Consumers Decomposers Herbivores Omnivores Carnivores

Food chains

Food chains

Food chains

Food web In nature single food chains are rare Usually they are interconnected with each other These interconnected food chains are called a food web

Food web fox owl rabbits mice grass seeds berries

Breaking the Chain Organisms living in a habitat depend on each other. If one part of a food chain dies out or is greatly reduced, the consumers have to find alternative food, move away, or starve. This then affects more consumers in the same way.

Endangered or Extinct? The number of people in the world is growing at an alarming rate. But this is not true for all animals. In some cases, there are only a few of one type of animal left in the wild. These animals are endangered. If they die out completely, they become extinct.

Why does this happen? There are lots of reasons why animals become endangered or extinct. The most common are: loss of habitat (woodlands cut down, rivers drying up, hedgerows removed). chemicals or pollution poison the animals. hunting (for sport, their fur, tusks or meat).

Caring for the Environment It is in our own best interests to look after the world we live in. If a habitat is lost or damaged, it has an effect on everything else, even if we do not see or understand it straight away. Remember - once something becomes extinct, it’s gone forever!

Energy transfer The energy for any food chain comes from the sun When herbivores eat the plants it is passed on When carnivores eat the herbivores the energy is passed on again Each organism wastes a lot of energy The energy gets less and less as we go up the food chain The number of organisms decreases as we go up the chain

Energy transfer

Energy and Life Of all the energy that the sun sends to the Earth, most is reflected or absorbed by the atmosphere or Earth surface 1% of the energy sent by the Sun is available to life on Earth Of this energy, 3% is trapped by green plants or algae All life on Earth is therefore due to the ·03% of the energy hitting the Earth from the Sun

Rule of ten Only 10% of energy is transferred from one feeding level to the next Example: It takes 100 kgs of plant materials (producers) to support 10 kgs of herbivores It takes 10 kgs of herbivores to support 1 kg of a first level predator

Study of a Habitat Preparation Fieldwork Follow-up activities Report writing The study of an ecosystem can be divided into four main stages: preparation, fieldwork, follow up activities and report writing. Today we are dealing with preparation, assimilated quantitative study and the presentation of the data from this study, as an example of a follow up activity and finally, writing up of reports. 30

Simple Map Using a suitable scale, draw a baseline on a sheet of graph paper. From this baseline, measure the perpendicular distances to natural landmarks eg. a path, pond, trees, hedge. Transfer these measurements to graph paper. Label all features (living and non-living) in the habitat.

Simple Map Locate the compass direction and mark this on the map. Include a simple key to identify features shown  Make a simple map of the ecosystem

Field Study Collection of plants and animals Identification of the plants and animals present using simple keys

Quadrat A frame that forms a known area Usually square shaped Can be used to measure frequency A frame: Can be made of wood,metal,plastic etc Must be of a known area Usually square shaped but can be of any regular shape eg circular/hexagonal Can be used to measure Frequency and Percentage Cover of a species within a selected area Note: Assumed that the contents of the quadrat will be representative of the whole sampling area. Most commomly used sizes: 1m2 and 0.25m2 . Smaller sizes used in determining distribution of lichens and mosses on tree trunks and walls. Size of quadrat to be used: Optimum quadrat size reached when 1% inc. in quadrat size produces no more than a .5% inc. in no. of species present No. of quadrats thrown: A satisfactory minimum no. of quadrats is reached when a 1% increase in the no. of quadrats produces no more than a .5% increase in the no. of species found 34

Frequency The chance of finding a named organism within the sample area in a number of quadrats May be expressed as a percent of the total number of quadrats sampled Definition from Teacher Guidelines P 22 35

Frequency Procedure Throw the quadrat randomly in the sample area Record the presence or absence of a named organism within each quadrat Repeat for a number of throws Tabulate results We will conduct a Quantitative study to measure frequency Go through procedure step by step Next slide to show blank table for recording results 36

Tabulation of results Quadrat Number Plant type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Freq 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Completed table will look something like this: This has been done on Excel, a spreadsheet programme, where formulae are entered to compute the Frequency and the % Frequency Graph can be drawn ( Click and a completed graph will appear ) Will give detailed instructions on how to use excel spreadsheet later 37

Tabulation of results                         Plant type Quadrat Number Total Freq 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dandelion Nettle Grass Dockleaf Daisy    3 30%       6 60%           10 100%      5 50% Completed table will look something like this: This has been done on Excel, a spreadsheet programme, where formulae are entered to compute the Frequency and the % Frequency Graph can be drawn ( Click and a completed graph will appear ) Will give detailed instructions on how to use excel spreadsheet later     4 40% 38

Collection of plants and animals Pitfall trap Pooter jar