Calculation of evaporative emissions with COPERT Giorgos Mellios Brussels, 08 February 2012

Purpose of COPERT for the group Evaluate the benefits of a modification of the legislation on evaporative emissions in Europe Examples: Parking time distribution (from 12 hours to 120 hours) Different canister purging Efficiency decrease over vehicle lifetime Trip distance distribution

COPERT in cost-effectiveness studies January 2012 – DG Climate Action: Support for Preparation of reports under Article 9.1 (c and j) of Directive 98/70/EC and on the quality of petrol and diesel fuels – Permitted summer petrol vapour pressure June 2011 – ACEA: EURO 6 Light–Duty Vehicle OBD Project – Evaluation and Assessment of Proposed EOBD Light-Duty Vehicle Emission Thresholds November 2008 – DG Enterprise: Study on possible new measures concerning motorcycle emissions December 2004 – DG Environment: Measuring and preparing reduction measures for CO2 emissions from N1 vehicles Gothenburg protocol revision – EC4MACS Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution

Status of COPERT – Administrative info The name stands for COmputer Programme to calculate Emissions from Road Transport Now in its COPERT 4 version (fourth update of the original COPERT 85) It incorporates results of several research and policy assessment projects Its development is coordinated by the European Environment Agency in the framework of the activities of the ETC-ACM The European Commission's Joint Research Centre manages the scientific development of the model It is scientifically and technically supported by EMISIA S.A. and the Lab of Applied Thermodynamics / Aristotle University Thessaloniki

Status of COPERT – Technical info Calculates emissions of all (important) pollutants from road transport Covers all (important) vehicle classes Can be applied in all European countries and in several Asian ones Can be used to produce total emission estimates from 1970 to 2020 (up to 2030 in TREMOVE) Provides a user-friendly (MS-Office like) GUI to introduce and view data

COPERT: Users Based on ~900 downloads/year

COPERT Applications

Calculation of evaporative emissions fuel-related vehicle-related testing-related Fuel vapour pressure x Tank size x Dry canister weight x Activated carbon mass x Fuel tank fill level x Temperature variation x Initial canister weight x Canister purge volume x x Fuel vapour generation (g) Initial canister load (g/gC) Canister breakthrough emissions (g) Permeation and/or leakage emissions (g) Total evaporative emissions (g)

Canister loading and purging Canister loading with fuel vapour Adsorbed vapour mass: a, b are linear functions of temperature & vapour pressure Canister purging Purged vapour mass: a, b are linear functions of temperature & purge rate vapour load breakthrough emissions purge volume

Fleet emissions calculation Total evaporative emissions: Eeva,voc,j = 365 ∙ Nj ∙ (HSj + ed,j + RLj) Hot soak emissions HSj = x {c [p ∙ es,hot,c + (1 – p) ∙ es,warm,c] + (1 – c) ∙ es,hot,fi} Running losses RLj = x {c [p ∙ er,hot,c + (1 – p) ∙ er,warm,c] + (1 – c) ∙ er,hot,fi}

Parking time distribution Parking duration distributed into 24 time classes ranging from <0.5 to >11.5 h Each combination of parking duration and parking end-time has a probability factor fk ∑ fk = 1

Modifications to COPERT code Update table on parking distribution Activity data from GPS recordings Extend table from 12 to 120 h Canister specifications parameters Activated carbon working capacity Canister status before parking Efficiency decrease over vehicle lifetime

Parking time distribution

Trip distance distribution Introduce trip distribution to better estimate canister status before parking

Purge volumes vs trip distance

Input to cost – effectiveness study COPERT model being adjusted to simulate different evaporative emissions scenarios Simulation comparing different type approval requirements Simulation runs with updated COPERT Calculation of evap emissions for a baseline and Euro 6 scenarios All EU27 MS and selected years (2015, 2020, 2025, 2030) Euro 6 vehicle fleet population and activity data from EC4MACS Estimation of environmental benefits