Water, Carbon Chemistry, Macromolecules, and Enzymes Review Honors Biology

How does the density of frozen water help organisms living within a lake in cold temperatures? When water in a lake freezes, it floats, providing insulation for organisms below.

What is a polar covalent bond? Give an example. Bond with uneven distribution of electrical charges; water

4 valence electrons allow it to form complex, diverse molecules. Why is carbon special? 4 valence electrons allow it to form complex, diverse molecules.

Force of attraction between like particles. Ex>Surface tension. Define cohesion. Force of attraction between like particles. Ex>Surface tension.

Force of attraction between unlike particles. Ex>a meniscus Define adhesion. Force of attraction between unlike particles. Ex>a meniscus

What is an isomers? Give an example. Substances with the same molecular formulas but different structure. For example,

What are the two ways to make and break polymers? hydrolysis is the addition of water to break a chemical bond. For example, maltose + water ---> glucose + glucose. dehydration synthesis is the removal of water to make a chemical bond. For example, glucose + glucose ---> maltose + water

What is a glycosidic bond? Covalent bond between two monosaccharides

Covalent bond between two amino acids What is a peptide bond? Covalent bond between two amino acids

List the four types of macromolecules. 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Nucleic acids 4. Proteins

What does the enzyme carbonic anhydrase do What does the enzyme carbonic anhydrase do? What will happen if this enzyme is not at an “optimum “ temperature or pH? Helps eliminate carbon dioxide from our bodies; it can denature, or lose its shape and ability to function

What is the pH scale. On the pH scale, what is the range of an acid What is the pH scale? On the pH scale, what is the range of an acid? Of a base? Measures the strength of acids and bases. Acids are below 7, bases are above 7.

What is a monomer? What is a polymer? a single unit; many units

What is the building block of carbohydrates? Monosaccharides such as glucose

What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions? speed up (catalyze) reactions by lowering the activation energy

What factors affect enzyme activity? temperature, pH, inhibitors

What are the two types of energy storage polysaccharides? Starch & glycogen

reactants - H2 and O2; product is H20 What are the reactants in the equation below? What are the products in the reaction? 2H2 + O2 2H2O reactants - H2 and O2; product is H20

What are Coconut and olive oil examples of? Lipids

Give an example of a nucleic acid? DNA & RNA

What type of molecule is H2O? Polar covalent

water expands when it freezes and becomes ice When does water expand? water expands when it freezes and becomes ice

What is surface tension? cohesion at the surface of water

On the pH scale a substance with a pH of 2 is more ____________than a substance with a pH of 5. acidic

On the pH scale, what does a pH of 7 indicate?   neutral

What are the monomers of proteins? Amino acids

What are the monomers of DNA & RNA? nucleotides

What is the general composition of a protein. (i. e What is the general composition of a protein? (i.e. name of monomers, polymers and bonds) amino acids joined together by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains

What are the different types of polysaccharides??   cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitin

What is the general composition of carbohydrates? Monosaccharides, such as glucose, linked together by glycosidic bonds to form polysaccharides

What are the functions of carbohydrates? Energy storage and structure  

What are the functions of proteins? transport(Ex>hemoglobin), act as enzymes, build bones and muscle, help fight disease (antibodies)

What are the functions of nucleic acids? store and transmit hereditary information

What is the difference between saturated & unsaturated fats? saturated fats have no double bonds, are solid at room temperature unsaturated fats have double bonds, are liquid at room temperature

What are the functions of fats?   long-term energy storage, shock absorber for internal organs, provide insulation

Define a solute, a solvent, and a solution. solute - the substance being dissolved; solvent - what the solute is dissolved in solution = solute + solvent

What does an energy diagram look like for an energy-releasing reaction What does an energy diagram look like for an energy-releasing reaction? For an energy-absorbing reaction? Releasing absorbing

Label the following structures A-E A - enzyme; B - active site; C - substrate; D - enzyme-substrate complex; E - products

What is the strongest base? Weakest base? Strongest acid? Weakest acid? strongest acid - battery acid; weakest acid - milk strongest base - household lye; weakest base - blood

Because electrons spend more time near the oxygen atom in a water molecule, what partial charge does oxygen acquire? negative

activation energy; lower it What is the energy needed to start a reaction called? What do enzymes do with this energy? activation energy; lower it

3 fatty acid chains bonded to glycerol; lipid What is the structure of a fat? What class of macromolecules do fats belong to? 3 fatty acid chains bonded to glycerol; lipid

What is the formula of a single sugar? C6H12O6

What is a nonpolar covalent bond? Give an example. A bond in which electrons are shared equally Ex> chlorine bonded to chlorine

What is an organic compound? A compound containing carbon* *with some exceptions, such as hydrogen cyanide, HCN

What is an inorganic compound? Any other compound than an organic compound

What is the formula for a single sugar (monosaccharide) What is the formula for a single sugar (monosaccharide)? Double sugar (disaccharide)? C6H12O6 is a monosaccharide C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 - H2O(dehydration synthesis to form bond)= C12H22O11 , a disaccharide

How are starch and cellulose similar? How are they different? Both polysaccharides with glucose monomers, but bonded together differently, leading to different properties; starch-energy storage, cellulose-cell wall structure

What are enzymes? Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

What binds to the active site of an enzyme to form the enzyme- substrate complex? What happens in the enzyme-subsrate complex? The substrate binds to the enzyme at the active site, forming the enzyme substrate complex; reactants are converted to products

Why are lipids good energy storage molecules? There are lots of carbon- hydrogen bonds that store energy

What type of bond results from the sharing of electrons? Covalent bonds

Acids- excess H+ Bases- excess OH- What type of substance has a high concentration of H+ ions? Of OH- ions? Acids- excess H+ Bases- excess OH-

What type of bond does water form with other water molecules? Hydrogen bonds