Indoor Air Pollution (IAQ) Topic 3 Ms Sherina Kamal Indoor Air Pollution (IAQ) 21/9/2018

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Asbestos used in a wide range of manufactured goods, building materials (…………………, ceiling and floor tiles, paper products, and asbestos cement products) friction products (………………., brake, and transmission parts) ……………………. Packaging ……………. coatings Elevated concentrations of airborne asbestos can occur after asbestos-containing materials are disturbed by cutting, sanding or other remodeling activities Improper attempts to remove these materials can release asbestos fibers into the air in homes, increasing asbestos levels and endangering people living in those homes 21/9/2018

Biological Pollutants bacteria, molds, mildew, viruses, animal dander and cat saliva, house dust, mites, cockroaches, and pollen Sources: …………………………….. ……………… are transmitted by people and animals ………………….are carried by people, animals, and soil and plant debris ……………………… are sources of saliva and animal dander 21/9/2018

Biological Pollutants The protein in urine from rats and …………… is a potent allergen When it dries, it can become …………………… Contaminated central air handling systems can become breeding grounds for ………, mildew, and other sources of biological contaminants and can then distribute these contaminants through the home 21/9/2018

Carbon Monoxide odorless, colorless and toxic gas Because it is impossible to see, taste or smell the toxic fumes, CO can kill you before you are aware it is in your home At lower levels of exposure, CO causes mild effects that are often mistaken for the flu These symptoms include headaches, dizziness, disorientation, ……………………. & …………………. The effects of CO exposure can vary greatly from person to person depending on ………… overall health and the concentration and …………….. 21/9/2018

Carbon Monoxide Sources Unvented kerosene and gas space heaters …………………………… back-drafting from furnaces ……………………… wood stoves and fireplaces ………………. generators and other gasoline powered equipment automobile exhaust from attached garages 21/9/2018

Carbon Monoxide Sources tobacco smoke Incomplete oxidation during combustion in gas ranges and unvented gas or kerosene heaters may cause high concentrations of CO in indoor air Worn or poorly adjusted and maintained combustion devices (e.g., boilers, furnaces) can be significant sources, or if the flue is improperly sized, blocked, disconnected, or is leaking Auto, truck, or bus exhaust from attached garages, nearby roads, or parking areas 21/9/2018

Formaldehyde an important chemical used widely by industry to manufacture building materials and numerous household product by-product of ……………. and certain other natural processes 21/9/2018

Formaldehyde Sources Pressed wood products (hardwood plywood wall paneling, particleboard, fiberboard) …….. made with these pressed wood products Urea-formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI) Combustion sources and environmental tobacco smoke Durable press drapes, other textiles, and glues 21/9/2018

Lead (Pb) Heavy metals Sources Health effects Lead-based paint Dust …………….. ……………… 21/9/2018

Radon Radon is estimated to cause thousands of lung cancer deaths in the U.S. each year 21/9/2018

Radon Radon is estimated to cause about 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year, according to EPA's 2003 Assessment of Risks from Radon in Homes Radon is a ………………………., radioactive gas You can't see radon And you can't smell it or taste it But it may be a problem in your home 21/9/2018

Radon How Does Radon Get Into Your Home? 21/9/2018

Radon It comes from the natural decay of ……………… that is found in nearly all soils It typically moves up through the ground to the air above and into your home through cracks and other holes in the foundation Your home traps radon inside, where it can build up Any home may have a radon problem This means new and old homes, well-sealed and drafty homes, and homes with or without basements Cracks in solid floors Construction joints Cracks in walls Gaps in suspended floors Gaps around service pipes Cavities inside walls The water supply 21/9/2018

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids include a variety of chemicals may have short- and long-term adverse health effects Concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors (up to ten times higher) than outdoors 21/9/2018

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Examples include paints and lacquers, paint strippers, cleaning supplies, pesticides, building materials and furnishings office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy paper, graphics and craft materials including glues and adhesives, permanent markers, and photographic solutions 21/9/2018

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Health Effects eye, nose, and throat irritation Headaches loss of coordination Nausea damage to liver, kidney & central nervous system 21/9/2018

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Key signs or symptoms associated with exposure to VOCs include: conjunctiva irritation, nose and throat discomfort, ……………, allergic skin reaction, dyspnea, declines in serum cholinesterase levels, ………, emesis, epistaxis, fatigue, dizziness 21/9/2018

SBS-sick building syndrome situations in which building occupants experience acute health and comfort effects that appear to be linked to time spent in a building, but no specific illness or cause can be identified poorly understood phenomenon where people have a range of symptoms related to a certain building, most often a workplace, and there is no specific identifiable cause 21/9/2018

SBS sources 21/9/2018

SBS symptoms 21/9/2018

SBS symptoms 21/9/2018

SBS symptoms headaches and dizziness nausea (feeling sick) ………………………… fatigue (extreme tiredness) ………………………….. shortness of breath or chest tightness ………………………………… irritated, blocked or running nose skin irritation (skin rashes, dry itchy skin) 21/9/2018

Who is affected by SBS? Anyone can be affected by SBS, but office workers in modern buildings without opening windows and with mechanical ventilation or air conditioning are most at risk This risk increases if they are employed in routine work that involves using display screen equipment Women appear to be more likely to develop the symptoms of SBS than men this may be due to more women being employed in offices rather than a higher susceptibility 21/9/2018

Risk factors poor ventilation ………………………….. high temperature or changes in temperature throughout the day airborne particles dust carpet fibres or fungal spores airborne chemical pollutants from cleaning materials or furniture, or ozone produced by photocopiers and printers 21/9/2018

Risk factors physical factors electrostatic charges poor standards of cleanliness in the working environment poor lighting that causes glare or flicker on visual display units (VDUs) improper use of display screen equipment psychological factors stress ……………………….. 21/9/2018

There are three basic strategies to improve indoor air quality Source Control Ventilation Improvements Air Cleaners 21/9/2018

Source Control Usually the most effective way to improve indoor air quality is to eliminate individual sources of pollution or to reduce their emissions Some sources, like those that contain asbestos, can be sealed or enclosed gas stoves, can be adjusted to decrease the amount of emissions more cost-efficient approach to protecting indoor air quality than increasing ventilation because increasing ventilation can increase energy costs 21/9/2018

Ventilation Improvements Another approach to lowering the concentrations of indoor air pollutants in your home is to increase the amount of outdoor air coming indoors 21/9/2018

Ventilation Improvements Most home heating and cooling systems including forced air heating systems, do not mechanically bring fresh air into the house Opening windows and doors, operating window or attic fans, when the weather permits, or running a window air conditioner with the vent control open increases the outdoor ventilation rate Local bathroom or kitchen fans that exhaust outdoors remove contaminants directly from the room where the fan is located and also increase the outdoor air ventilation rate 21/9/2018

Ventilation Improvements 21/9/2018

Air Cleaners 21/9/2018

Air Cleaners The effectiveness of an air cleaner depends: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………...…………………………………………………………………….. A very efficient collector with a low air-circulation rate will not be effective, nor will a cleaner with a high air-circulation rate but a less efficient collector The long-term performance of any air cleaner depends on maintaining it according to the manufacturer's directions 21/9/2018

END OF LECTURE 21/9/2018