Using applied research results from ESPON as a yardstick for cross-border spatial development planning ULYSSES Karelia Extremadura- Alentejo Upper Rhine Pyrenees Pomerania Greece- Bulgaria Duna-Koros-Maros-Tisza Ems Dollart Region Friuli V.G. EuRegio SBT Euregio E. Nemunas Oresund Committee ESPON CONFERENCE “Supporting policy-making with territorial evidence - 15 years and beyond” Efrén Feliu (Tecnalia) With contributions from Antonio Serrano and Joaquín Farinós (Fundicot), Dámaso Munárriz (Navarra Government) and Rafael Hueso (Basque Government) 17th November 2017. Brussels ULYSSES is an experimental and innovative project supported by 18 European border and cross-border areas (hereafter CBA) that aims at using applied research results from ESPON as a yardstick for decentralised cross-border spatial development planning. Within this overall framework, a targeted analysis including high-quality, comprehensive and multi-thematic territorial analyses (hereafter MTA), has been performed on six specific CBA across Europe: The Upper Rhine CBA along the land borders between France, Germany and Switzerland. The CBA along the entire Spanish-French land border (Pyrenees). The CBA along the land border between Greece and Bulgaria. A CBA covering parts of the Northern Finland-Russian land border (Euregio Karelia). A CBA (Euroregion Pomerania) along the borders between Poland, Germany (land border) and Sweden (maritime border). Extremadura/Alentejo (ES/PT). Additionally, seven shorter “data fact sheets” (hereafter DFS) focused on following CBA: EUREGIO (EUREGIO) Öresundskomiteen (The Öresund Committee) Duna-Körös-Maros-Tisza Euroregion (Danube-Kris-Mures-Tisa Euroregion) EuRegio Salzburg-Berchtesgadener Land-Traunstein Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia (Autonomous Region of Friuli Venezia Giulia) VšĮ Nemuno euroregiono Marijampolės biuras (PI Nemunas Euroregion Marijampole Bureau) Ems Dollart Region

Methodology + results ULYSSES is an experimental and innovative project supported by 18 European border and cross-border areas (hereafter CBA) that aims at using applied research results from ESPON as a yardstick for decentralised cross-border spatial development planning. Within this overall framework, a targeted analysis including high-quality, comprehensive and multi-thematic territorial analyses (hereafter MTA), has been performed on six specific CBA across Europe. The territorial analyses focused on the main topics mentioned by Territorial Agenda of the European Union (EC 2007; EC 2011b), namely (i) cross-border polycentric development, (ii) patterns of urban/rural relationship, (iii) levels of accessibility and connectivity, (iv) effects of demographic change (territorial profile), and (v-vi) level of attainment of Lisbon/Europe 2020 and Gothenburg objectives by the CBA (territorial performance). In parallel, an in-depth statistical analysis focused on the six MTA areas was performed as well. This analysis included (i) a catching-up analysis; (ii) a principal components analysis, and; (iii) a multiple regression analysis. -------- Differences among CBAs appear to be very much a consequence of their overall EU location and not so much of their border position. Borders keep playing a major role in explaining the behaviour of the different regions by dividing different national realities. The border condition seems to be more relevant at the regional than at the local level. Cross border commuting levels between different regions still tend to be low. Borders seem to keep functioning as a limit for the diffusion effects of development poles The internal EU borders are, from a structural point of view, still more favourable for cross-border governance than, for example, external EU borders. the degree of institutionalisation cannot be directly linked to any specific status or socio-economic level. Socio-economic development alone does not determine cross-border governance. All regions have to develop their own ways and mechanisms in order to exploit their cross-border potential. From a governance perspective, border regions are often called ‘laboratories of Europe’, and this label is also confirmed by the ULYSSES project: the ‘contact zones’ of different national systems reveal very clearly the added value and, at the same time, the challenges of European integration. The six regions under full analysis in ULYSSES confirm the diversity of borders and border regions in Europe also from the institutional point of view: The structural and the activity dimension have very different values, and the analysis such diverse conditions lead to some general conclusions: The internal EU 15 borders are, from a structural point of view, still more favourable for cross-border governance than, for example, external EU borders or borders with transition states. At the same time, the structural dimension cannot be explained in a deterministic way, that is to say, the degree of institutionalisation cannot be directly linked to any specific status or socio-economic arrangement. Socio-economic development alone does not determine cross-border governance, neither. Territorial diversity has to come along with different institutional settings, and the involved institutions have to face the respective challenges on the ground. Hence, following the principle of tailor-made strategies, all regions have to develop their own ways in order to exploit their cross-border potential.

Added value of ESPON / The way ahead (some Spanish perceptions and perspectives) ESPON offers relevant concepts and comparable data at the European level, which serves as reference to understand how specific cross-border areas are positioned. ESPON contributes to the development of a shared view of cross-border reality, by means of: The achievement of a common understanding of key aspects of territorial cooperation through policy and academic discussion. The generation of a basic consensus on the main challenges currently faced by cross-border areas and those expected in the years to come. ESPON allows identifying those topics that require further analysis and specific focus at lower spatial levels Challenges Borders still exist (culture, language, etc.) as well as unavoidable transboundary dynamics (biodiversity, water basins, climate change, etc.) Competencies, Legal, Administrative and Procurement differences as hurdle and opportunity (to learn) at the same time. Transboundary culture, societal behaviour, awareness, political commitment. Take advantage of endogenous complementarities, don’t avoid differences per se. Cross-Border territorial intelligence, territorial capital, shared vision and objectives  Cross-Border spatial planning, making use of “territorial mediators”.  Operative coordination for specific initiatives with tangible results.  Win-win approaches and shared benefits. Productivity (vs. Competitiveness) + cohesion (solidarity) and quality of life + natural capital  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT! Data limitations (scale, coverage, time series, updated …) Unequal existence of regional analysis and data within the same CBA. Need for more detailed analysis. Different interest about specific topics among CBAs. Are we providing new knowledge? Or ….. ….. good systematisation and organizing it in a coherent way …. as a starting point for cross-border territorial strategic processes ---------- Advances so far Joint management instruments like EGTCs (that should be kept). Joint funding programmes like POCTEFA (that should be improved). Time and efforts invested (that should be increased). Studies about concepts that could generate transboundary culture (policentricity, accessibility, etc.)

Thank you for your attention efren.feliu@tecnalia.com 4