Chapter Four: The Roman Legacy Culture and Values, 7th Ed. Cunningham and Reich

The Importance of Rome Cultural achievements Role of music Assimilation of influences Role of music Historical division: Monarchy/ Etruscan Age (753-510 B.C.E.) Republican Rome (509-31 B.C.E.) Imperial Rome (31 B.C.E. - C.E. 476)

The Etruscans and Their Art Rome founded in mid-8th c. by Latins Etruscans gained control by 616 B.C.E. Urban centers, engineering Social, leisure activities Trade, expansion Etruscan Art Primitive but sophisticated, natural focus Value emotion over intellectual appeal

The Bride & Bridegroom or Married Couple

[Image 4.2] Capitoline She-Wolf 4.3 Capitoline She-Wolf, c. 500–480 bce. Bronze, 2´71⁄2˝ (80 cm) high, 4´4˝ (1.32 m) long. Musei Capitolini, Rome, Italy//© Scala/Art Resource, NY

[Image 4.3] Apollo of Veii 4.4 Apollo of Veii, c. 510–500 bce. From the roof of the Portonaccio Temple, Veii, Italy. Painted terracotta, 5´11˝ (1.78 m) high. Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia, Rome, Italy//© Araldo de Luca/CORBIS

Wall painting from the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing [Image 4.4] Wall painting from the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing 4.5 Etruscan Scene of Fishing and Fowling, c. 520 bce. From the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing, Tarquinia, Italy. Fresco, detail 5´6˝ (1.67 m) high. © SEF/Art Resource, NY

Etruscan tombs – inside these tombs are an array of murals from which we can glimpse the lifestyle of these mysterious people.

Etruscan tomb mural – shows that music might have been more important to the Etruscans than Romans

Republican Rome Etruscan expulsion in 510 B.C.E. New government Consuls, Senate, Patricians/Plebeians Political equality / Balance of Power Hortensian Law Increasing power / expansion Social and political unrest  civil war

[Image 4.6] The Roman Forum 4.7 Ruins of the Roman Forum, Rome, Italy. (© Richard T. Nowitz/Photo Researchers, Inc.)

Literary Developments During the Republic Ennius (239-169 B.C.E.) Annals Tragedies adapted from Greek models Plautus (254-184 B.C.E.) and Terence (185-159 B.C.E.) Roman adaptations of Greek comedies Catullus (80-54 B.C.E.) Roman lyric poetry Influenced by Sappho

Quintus Ennius

Plautus

Catullus

Literary Developments During the Republic Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.E.) Commentaries Assassinated on March 15, 44 B.C.E. Marcus Tullius Cicero Lawyer, orator Epistolary legacy

Ciceronian Rhetoric Alliteration Allusion Analogy Antithesis Crescendo Climax Hyperbole Juxtaposition Metaphor Onomatopoeia Oxymoron Personification Simile

Roman Philosophy and Law Epicureanism Founded by Epicurus (341-271 B.C.E.) Extolled by Lucretius (99-55 B.C.E.) Intellectual and rational vs. self-indulgent On the Nature of Things Gods play no part in human affairs Pleasure and calm composure

Roman Philosophy and Law Stoicism World governed by Reason Role of Divine Providence Roman Stoics Seneca Epictetus Marcus Aurelius

Roman Philosophy and Law Julius Caesar’s Ius Civile Law of the Twelve Tablets Justinian’s Corpus Iuris Civilis Roman science of law Legal experts Natural justice

Republican Art and Architecture Roman portraiture Realistic details Express outer appearance and inner character Propagandistic Architecture as political medium Public buildings for glory of leaders

[Image 4.7] Bust of Cicero 4.8 Bust of Cicero, 1st century bce. Uffi zi, Florence, Italy//© Alinari/Art Resource, NY

Imperial Rome (31 B.C.E. - C.E. 476) Julius Caesar assassinated 44 B.C.E. Battle of Actium (31 B.C.E.) Octavian vs. Mark Antony Octavian inaugurated as Augustus (27 B.C.E.) Vast, multiethnic empire Emperor, bureaucracy, civil service Roman army

Publius Virgilius Maro (Virgil)

Augustan Literature: Vergil Roman art promoted Augustan worldview Official, public, served state purposes Vergil’s Aeneid Tribute to Rome and Augustus National epic of Rome Human destiny and personal responsibility Eclogues (Bucolics) and Georgics