Utjecaj dobi na ishod IVF postupka

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Presentation transcript:

Utjecaj dobi na ishod IVF postupka Jelena Marušić Šibenik, 2014.

Problematika Od 1960-ih i ere kontracepcije ženama je omogućena “elegantna” kontrola rađanja Karijera, edukacija, financijska sigurnost Posljedica: od 1960-ih do 2000-ih prosječna dob rađanja prvog djeteta se pomakla za otprilike 5 godina Trend odgađanja rađanja započet kontracepcijom nastavlja se otkrićem IVF-a

Demografski trend

Pad plodnosti s godinama S dobi opada plodnost žene zbog: Propadanja folikula u jajnicima Lošije kvalitete jajnih stanica Pridruženih bolesti: - ginekoloških (miomi, endometrioza...) - drugih (debljina, dijabetes, bolesti štitnjače...)

Opadanje broja folikula Konačan broj jajnih stanica – 20. tjedan 1-2 mil oocita zaustavljenih u profazi prve mejotičke diobe 400 000 na početku puberteta/25 000 ubrzan pad 99,9% oocita propada atezijom - apoptozom 400 oocita – LH skok – metafazu druge mejotičke diobe Lobo RA. Early ovarian ageing: a hypothesis. What is early ovarian ageing? Hum Reprod.2003;18:1762–1764 Perez GI, Robles R, Knudson CM, Flaws JA, Korsmeyer SJ, Tilly JL. Prolongation of ovarian lifespan into advanced chronological age by Bax-deficiency. Nat Genet. 1999;21:200–203.

Kvaliteta oocite Pad kvalitete jajne stanice se očituje i povećanim brojem pobačaja i povećanim brojem kromosomskih aberacija iza 35. godine 20god-10% pobačaja/ 1/500 kromosomopatiju 40 god-40% pobačaja/ 1/40 kromosomopatiju

Rast pobačaja

Kvaliteta oocite Pad plodnosti s dobi žene najvećim djelom je odraz pada kvalitete jajnih stanica, što je vidljivo porastom uspijeha u MPO postupcima s doniranim jajnim stanicama Navot D, Bergh PA, Williams MA, et al. Poor oocyte quality rather than implantation failure as a cause of age-related decline in female fertility. Lancet. 1991;337:1375–7.

15-25% u ukupnom broju liječenih MPO su iznad 40 godina Ali... Veći udio starijih spasonosno rješenje nalazi u MPO postupcima 15-25% u ukupnom broju liječenih MPO su iznad 40 godina Uspjeh? Nema puno studija koje analiziraju uspijeh iza 40 godina Balasch J. Investigation of the infertile couple: investigation of the infertile couple in the era of assisted reproductive technology: a time for reappraisal. Hum Reprod. 2000;15:2251–2257

S dobi... Lošiji odgovor jajnika na stimulaciju s FSH je češći nakon 35 godine Vjerojatnost implantacije zametka i rođenja djeteta nakon MPO postupaka također opada nakon 35 godine Templeton A, Morris JK, Parslow W. Factors that affect outcome of in-vitro fertilisation treatment. Lancet. 1996;348:1402–1406.  van Kooij RJ, Looman CW, Habbema JD, Dorland M, te Velde ER. Age-dependent decrease in embryo implantation rate after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 1996;66:769–775.

Biološka/kronološka dob starenje jajnika treba gledati zasebno u odnosu na kronološku dob Starenje jajnika ovisi o početnom broju jajnih stanica stvorenih za vrijeme intrauterinog razvoja i o vanjskim čimbenicima tijekom života Akande VA, Fleming CF, Hunt LP, Keay SD, Jenkins JM. Biological versus chronological ageing of oocytes, distinguishable by raised FSH levels in relation to the success of IVF treatment. Hum Reprod.2002;17(8):101–6

Nažalost... Starenjem žene smanjuje se i uspješnost liječenja MPO postupcima 1996 – 2010 LBR ispod 35 godina 33,6 47,7% 35-37 godina 29,9 38,8% 38-40 godina 26,0 29,9% 41-42 11,5 12,5% 42-43 5,4 4,1%

ŠTO UČINITI? Individualni pristup/ procjena stanja “plodnosti”/ Optimizacija protokola nikada nije bila zahtjevnija Unatoč napretku ne postoji MPO postupak kojim možemo kompenzirati prirodni pad plodnosti s dobi!!! Leridon H. Can assisted reproduction technology compensate for the natural decline in fertility with age? A model assessment. Hum Reprod. 2004;19:1548–1553.

Prognoza postupka/ liječenja Dob (39? / 42? /45?) FSH AFC AMH Odovor na stimulaciju/ broj dobivenih oocita

FSH Starenjem se smanjuje osjetljivost jajnika na FSH se očituje porastom bazalnih vrijednosti FSH Povišene bazalne vrijednosti FSH su povezane – lošiji odgovor na stimulaciju – manji broj dobivenih oocita – lošiji rezultat MPO Abdalla H, Thum MY. An elevated basal FSH reflects a quantitative rather than qualitative decline of the ovarian reserve. Hum Reprod. 2004;19:893–898

AFC Broj antralnih folikula je bolji pokazatelj uspješnosti MPO postupaka od same dobi ili FSH vrijednosti Veći AFC u starijih pacijentica je dobar prognostički čimbenik za ishod MPO-a Klinkert ER, Broekmans FJ, Looman CW, Habbema JD, te Velde ER. The antral follicle count is a better marker than basal follicle-stimulating hormone for the selection of older patients with acceptable pregnancy prospects after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 2005;83:811–814. Nahum R, Shifren JL, Chang Y, Leykin L, Isaacson K, Toth TL. Antral follicle assessment as a tool for predicting outcome in IVF--is it a better predictor than age and FSH? J Assist Reprod Genet. 2001;18:151–155.  Hansen KR, Morris JL, Thyer AC, Soules MR. Reproductive aging and variability in the ovarian antral follicle count: application in the clinical setting. Fertil Steril. 2003;80:577–583.  Bancsi LF, Broekmans FJ, Looman CW, Habbema JD, te Velde ER. Impact of repeated antral follicle counts on the prediction of poor ovarian response in women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 2004;81:35–41. 

Vrijednosti AMH koreliraju s brojem dobivenih jajnih stanica AMH se uspješno koristi za individualizaciju protokola stimulacije ovulacije Vrijednosti AMH koreliraju s brojem dobivenih jajnih stanica Cutoff point??? van Rooij I, Broekmans FJ, te Velde ER, Fauser BC, Bancsi LF, de Jong FH, Themmen AP. Serum anti-Mullerian hormone levels: a novel measure of ovarian reserve. Hum Reprod.2002;17:3065–3071 Ficicioglu C, Kutlu T, Baglam E, Bakacak Z. Early follicular antimullerian hormone as an indicator of ovarian reserve. Fertil Steril. 2006;85:592–596  Broekmans FJ, Kwee J, Hendriks DJ, Mol BW, Lambalk CB. A systematic review of tests predicting ovarian reserve and IVF outcome. Hum Reprod Updat. 2006;12:685–718.

Slika rada liječenje iza 40.

CC +IUI...iza 40. godine CPR/ ciklusu 1-4%......LBR/ ciklusu ispod 1% Corsan G, Trias A, Trout S, Kemmann E. Ovulation induction combined with intrauterine insemination in women 40 years of age and older: is it worthwhile? Hum Reprod. 1996;11(5):1109–12. 29. Dovey S, Sneeringer R, Penzias A. Clomiphene citrate and intrauterine insemination: analysis of more than 4100 cycles. Fertil Steril. 2008;90(6):2281–6. 

FSH + IUI...iza 40. godine CPR/ ciklusu 1-3%......LBR/ ciklusu ispod 1% Tsafrir A, Simon A, Margalioth E, Laufer N. What should be the first-line treatment for unexplained fertility in women over 40 years of age—ovulation induction and IUI or IVF? Reprod BioMed,2009.

Oko 25% žena u MPO postupcima u Europi je iznad 40. godina IVF Oko 25% žena u MPO postupcima u Europi je iznad 40. godina Andersen, et al. Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 2004: results generated from European registers by ESHRE. Hum Reprod. 2008;23(4):756–71.

IVF Human Fertilisation and Embriology Authority (HEFA) za 2009/ UK licencirani IVF centri 38-39 god. – LBR 19,2% po ciklusu 40-42 god. – LBR 12,7% po ciklusu 43-44 god. – LBR 5,1% po ciklusu cca 45 god. – LBR 1,5% po ciklusu Fertility treatment in 2010: trends and figures. London: HFEA; 2010

IVF

Individualizacija protokola Antagonisti GnRH (fleksibilni protokol) Agonisti GnRH (kratki i ultrakratki protokol) Velike doze gonadotropina Prirodni ciklus Inhibitori aromataze

Predtretman/Koterapija LH HR – hormon rasta DHEAS Letrozol Estrogen

Najveći benefit kod starijih pacijentica - Cochrane Database LH Važnost LH u folikulogenezi tj. preovulacijskom razvoju folikula Izraziti manjak LH – može umanjiti odgovor na FSH Dodatak r-hLH je povećao CPR kod pacijentica iznad 35 godina, ali ne i kod mlađih pacijentica Najveći benefit kod starijih pacijentica - Cochrane Database Mochtar MH, van der Veen F, Ziech M, van Wely M. Recombinant luteinizing hormone (rLH) for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in assisted reproductive cycles. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007. Bosch E, Labarta E, Simón C, Remohi J, Pellicer A. The impact of luteinizing hormone supplementation in gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist cycles. An age adjusted randomized trial. Fertil Steril. 2008;90:S41

LH Jedan od učinaka je direktni učinak na stanice kumulusa Stanice kumulusa igraju ključnu ulogu u maturaciji oocita za vrijeme folikulogeneze LH štiti stanice kumulusa od apoptoze – a one čine adekvatnu potporu sazrijevanju oocite Dodatne studije??? Ruvolo G, Bosco L, Pane A, Morici G, Cittadini E, Roccheri MC. Lower apoptosis rate in human cumulus cells after administration of recombinant luteinizing hormone to women undergoing ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization procedures. Fertil Steril. 2007;87:542–546.

HR – hormon rasta HR ima važnu ulogu u završnom sazrijevanju 90-ih/ kontroverzna primjena Stanice kumulusa i same oocite imaju receptore za GH Direktan učinak na razvoj embrija i preko IGF-1 Dodatak GH u medij pomaže in vitro maturaciji oocita Ménézo YJ, el Mouatassim S, Chavrier M, Servy EJ, Nicolet B. Human oocytes and preimplantation embryos express mRNA for growth hormone receptor. Zygote. 2003;11:293–297

HR – hormon rasta Novije studije pokazuju kako dodatak GH stimulacijskim protokolima značajno povećava CPR i LBR u žena sa slabim odgovorom jajnika – Cochrane Database!!! Kotarba D, Kotarba J, Hughes E. Growth hormone for in vitro fertilization. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000. p. CD000099 Kyrou D, Kolibianakis EM, Venetis CA, Papanikolaou EG, Bontis J, Tarlatzis BC. How to improve the probability of pregnancy in poor responders undergoing in vitro fertilization: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2009;91:749–766

DHES- dehidroepiandrosteron Androgen / proizvod nadbubrežne žljezde Dehidroepiandrosteron 3x25 mg/1-4 mj. Povećava koncentraciju AMH Povećava kvalitetu zametaka, smanjuje broj pobačaja i LBR Gleicher et al., 2010 Improvement in diminished ovarian reserve after dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation Reprod. Biomed. Online, 21 (3) (2010), pp. 360–365 Wiser et al., 2010 Addition of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) for poor-responder patients before and during IVF treatment improves the pregnancy rate: a randomized prospective study Hum. Reprod., 25 (10) (2010), pp. 2496–2500

Selekcija oocita, spermija, selekcija zametaka Odabir kompetentnih gameta( zona pelucida, diobeno vreteno, organele) PGS (preimplantation genetic screening) mozaicizam, lošiji rezultati , RCT – nema rezultata PGD (preimplantation genetic diagnosis) CHG/ SNP, PCR (Comapartive genomic hybridization/Single nucleotide polimorphysm) (blastomere, polarnog tijela, trofoektoderma...) OMICS – atraktivna metoda za neinvazivno ocjenjivanje vitalnosti embrija “mirna embrionalna hipoteza” Embryoscope (pravodobnost singamije/ pravodobnost 1. diobe)

Preporuke: ŠTO RANIJE ... IVF PROTOKOLI PREDTRETMAN/KOTERAPIJA DONACIJA “PROIZVODNJA” VLASTITIH OOCITA

Budućnost: Derivation of oocytes from mouse embryonic stem cells. Hübner K et al. /Science 2003. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Takahashi K et al. /Cell 2007.

Budućnost: Offspring from oocytes derived from in vitro primordial germ cell-like cells in mice. Hayashi K, Ogushi S et al./Science 2012 REVOLUCIJA U REPRODUKTIVNOJ MEDICINI! Nobelova nagrada 2012 za medicinu i fiziologiju!

Hvala!