Generation of Negative Emotion Stream of consciousness Automatic Thought B: Lousy Ref Activating event eC: Anger Logical Errors b C: Boo Biased Thinking OverGeneralisation Black & White Thinking Referees should…If not they are… SCHEMA CONTENT 1

Questions to Identify Logical Errors  Kinds of Logical Errors Am I making this out to be worse than it is? Am I making a prediction or generalization not justified by the facts? Have I allocated responsibility unfairly? Am I mind reading? Am I treating sources differently? Are there facts I am not considering? Am I using Black & White thinking, or False Absolutes? Is my should arbitrary? Am I making a decision based purely on my emotional reaction? More Dire Than Justified MDTJ Unjustified Negative Prediction UNP Overgeneralization OG Black & White Thinking B&WT Invalid Alloc. of Responsibility IAOR Mind Reading MR Biased Weighting BW Ignoring Facts IF False Absolute FA Must or Should MOS Emotional Reasoning ER 2

Logical Errors and Appropriate Logic More Dire Than Justified Objective Assessment- big picture thinking Unjustified Negative Prediction Appropriate probability False Absolute Accurate description Overgeneralisation Accurate description- big picture thinking Black & White Thinking Relative ‘Shades of Grey’ thinking Biased Weighting Even-handed weighting Ignoring Facts Consideration of ALL the information Invalid Allocation Of Responsibility Valid Allocation Of Responsibility Mind Reading Stay with the evidence Must Or Should Statement of desire Emotional Reasoning Analysis of Pros and Cons 3

Questions to Challenge Logical Errors More Dire Than Justified What are the facts? How bad is it really? Unjustified Negative prediction/Overgeneralisation What are all the possible outcomes What is the probability of each? Invalid Allocation Of Responsibility Who/ what has responsibility here? How much? Mindreading What is the evidence about their thoughts? Biased Weighting Am I considering all the sources of evidence evenly? Not considering all the facts What facts am I not considering? Black & White Thinking/False Absolutes Are there in-between possibilities? Arbitrary Thinking (Should) Is this a natural law? What is my desire Emotional Reasoning Am I using facts to make my conclusion? 4

The Rules of Countering A Counter is directly opposite to the false belief, preferably stated positively and with intensity. A Counter is based on appropriate logic . A Counter is a believable statement of reality. A Counter is one’s own. A Counter is concise 5

Sentence Stems for Counters Logical Error More dire than justified: Unjustified negative prediction/ Overgeneralisation Invalid allocation of responsibility Mindreading Biased weighting Ignoring Facts Black & White thinking/False Absolutes Arbitrary Thinking (Shoulds) Emotional Reasoning Sentence Stem The facts are… The highest probability outcome is…. The specific information is… All the factors are…appropriate allocation of responsibility is… I don’t know what x is thinking, what do I observe/hear is… This source indicates…that indicates… An objective observer would describe the whole situation… The relative or shades of grey position is… My preference/desire is… The pros are…; the cons are… 6