Journal of Ginseng Research

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Journal of Ginseng Research Simultaneous determination and difference evaluation of 14 ginsenosides in Panax ginseng roots cultivated in different areas and ages by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the multiple reaction–monitoring mode combined with multivariate statistical analysis Yang Xiu, Xue Li, Xiuli Sun, Dan Xiao, Rui Miao, Huanxi Zhao, Shuying Liu Journal of Ginseng Research DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.12.001 Copyright © 2018 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 HPLC-MS analysis of the extraction of the ginseng sample (J09). (A) Representative total ion chromatogram (TIC) detected by HPLC-MS in full scan mode. (B) MS2 spectrum of the [M + HCOO]- ion at m/z 845.5 and the fragmentation pathway of peak 4 [20(S)-Rf]. (C) Reconstructed MRM chromatogram detected by HPLC-MRM/MS analysis. HPLC-MS, high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometer. HPLC-MRM/MS, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the multiple reaction–monitoring mode. Journal of Ginseng Research DOI: (10.1016/j.jgr.2017.12.001) Copyright © 2018 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Chemical structures of the 14 investigated ginsenosides which belong to PPD-, PPT-, and OA-type ginsenoside. OA, oleanolic acid; PPD, protopanaxadiol; PPT, protopanaxatriol. Journal of Ginseng Research DOI: (10.1016/j.jgr.2017.12.001) Copyright © 2018 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Boxplots of the contents of ginsenosides in the 36 ginseng samples harvested from different cultivation areas and ages. (A) Boxplots of the contents of PPD-type ginsenosides in the 36 ginseng samples harvested from different cultivation areas and ages. (B) Boxplots of the contents of PPT-type ginsenosides in the 36 ginseng samples harvested from different cultivation areas and ages. (C) Boxplots of the total contents of the 14 ginsenosides in the 36 ginseng samples harvested from different cultivation areas and ages. PPD, protopanaxadiol; PPT, protopanaxatriol. Journal of Ginseng Research DOI: (10.1016/j.jgr.2017.12.001) Copyright © 2018 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 PCA scores plots of the 36 ginseng samples harvested from four different areas and aged from 3 to 5 years. (A) The scores plot is constructed by plotting PC1 versus PC2. (B) The scores plot is constructed by plotting PC1 versus PC3. PC1, first principal component; PC2, second principal component; PC3, third principal component; PCA, principal component analysis. Journal of Ginseng Research DOI: (10.1016/j.jgr.2017.12.001) Copyright © 2018 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Dendrogram and heatmap for the 36 cultivated ginseng samples according to the contents of the 14 ginsenosides generated by HCA with a complete linkage method. HCA, hierarchical cluster analysis. Journal of Ginseng Research DOI: (10.1016/j.jgr.2017.12.001) Copyright © 2018 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 PLS-DA of 3- and 5-yr-old ginseng samples. (A) PLS-DA scores plot of 3- and 5-yr-old ginseng samples. (B) The corresponding loading plot derived from the content of ginsenoside detected by HPLC-MRM/MS. In the loading plot, the closer to the origin, the smaller contribution a ginsenoside makes to the discrimination. HPLC-MRM/MS, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the multiple reaction–monitoring mode PLS-DA, partial least squares-discriminant analysis. Journal of Ginseng Research DOI: (10.1016/j.jgr.2017.12.001) Copyright © 2018 Terms and Conditions