Figure 16.8.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Two lateral lobes connected by median mass called isthmus
Advertisements

Endocrine Control Chapter 32.
The Endocrine System: Part B
Unit IV: Regulation Endocrine System II Chapter 16 pp
Hormones that Affect Blood Sugar Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol.
Organs of the Endocrine System
Chapter 18 Part 2 Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Gland Adrenal Gland
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
Human Anatomy & Physiology FIFTH EDITION Elaine N. Marieb PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Vince Austin Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
Thyroid Gland The largest endocrine gland, located in the anterior neck, consists of two lateral lobes connected by a median tissue mass called the isthmus.
BY: DR. JAMALUDDIN BIN HJ. MUHAMAD
Gross Anatomy of Thyroid Gland
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oxytocin  Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contraction  Regulated.
Hormones. Hormone Overview Hormones Chemicals released from one organ that can control the physiology of other organ(s) in the body similar to the nervous.
Animal form and function: endocrine. Controls  Animals have 2 systems of control  Nervous: rapid response  Endocrine: slower response. Longer lasting.
1 Chemical Signals in Animals or The Endocrine System.
Hypothalamus GHRH (+) GHIH ( - ) Pituitary Sleep Stress Exercise Limbic structures Metabolic signals Glucocorticoids GH somatotropin.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Chapter 16.
The Endocrine System Chapter 15. Hormones Secreted by endocrine glands, endocrine cells, and certain neurons Travel through the bloodstream to nonadjacent.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Endocrine System: Overview Acts with nervous system to coordinate and integrate activity of the body Influences metabolic.
 Found at the base of the throat  Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus  Produces two hormones › Thyroid hormone › Calcitonin.
Endocrine System.
Major endocrine glands:
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Anatomy & Physiology SEVENTH EDITION Elaine N. Marieb Katja Hoehn PowerPoint.
The Endocrine System. Thyroid Gland  Found at the base of the throat  Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus  Produces two hormones.
Endocrine System (part 1) & General Adaptation Syndrome Keri Muma Bio 6.
Hormonal Control During Exercise. Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones Several endocrine glands in body; each may produce more than one hormone Hormones.
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Growth Hormone (GH) GH stimulates growth in most tissues and is a regulator of metabolism GH stimulates uptake of amino acids & conversion into proteins.
PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College C H A P T E R Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 The Endocrine System:
CHEMICAL SIGNALS IN ANIMALS
Coordination of Endocrine and Nervous Systems in Vertebrates
Chapter 26 Chemical Regulation.
Endocrine System.
Chapter Opener 16 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc..
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
What role do hormones play in transforming a caterpillar into a butterfly? Figure 45.1 For the Discovery Video Endocrine System, go to Animation and Video.
MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS III. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus …
Thyroid Gland Two lateral lobes connected by median mass called isthmus Composed of follicles that produce glycoprotein thyroglobulin Parafollicular cells.
Signalling molecules Label the diagrams using the following terms. You may wish to also (in brackets) write an example next to some of the terms that relates.
CHAPTER 26 Chemical Regulation
Endocrine System Part 5B
Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism
Endocrine System part 5A
Chapter 45: Endocrine System
Test – Friday Immune system animations – on-line
Figure 16.1 Location of selected endocrine organs of the body.
Figure Why Hormones Matter Figure Why hormones matter.
The Endocrine System.
Biology 322 Human Anatomy Endocrine System.
The Thyroid Gland Lies anterior to thyroid cartilage of larynx
The Endocrine System.
Parathyroid Hormone and Vitamin D: Control of Blood Calcium
The Endocrine System: Part B
Hormones that affect short term and long term stress…
Blood Pressure Control Simplified Version
The Endocrine System.
Chapter 31 Endocrine Control.
Regulation and Control
Endocrine System Chapter 16 Intro Crash Course Video
relies on release of chemical that bind to specific receptors
Endocrine System Endocrine System maintains: Homeostasis, controls growth, development, reproduction, and metabolism by releasing different hormones.
CHEMICAL SIGNALS IN ANIMALS
General Animal Biology
The Endocrine System.
The Endocrine System.
Controlling your Homeostasis
General Animal Biology
Presentation transcript:

Figure 16.8

Figure 16.9, step 1 Thyroid follicle cells Colloid Thyroglobulin is synthesized and discharged into the follicle lumen. 1 Tyrosines (part of thyroglobulin molecule) Capillary Golgi apparatus Rough ER Colloid in lumen of follicle Figure 16.9, step 1

Figure 16.9, step 2 Thyroid follicle cells Colloid Thyroglobulin is synthesized and discharged into the follicle lumen. 1 Tyrosines (part of thyroglobulin molecule) Capillary Golgi apparatus Rough ER Iodide (I–) 2 Iodide (I–) is trapped (actively transported in). Colloid in lumen of follicle Figure 16.9, step 2

Figure 16.9, step 3 Thyroid follicle cells Colloid Thyroglobulin is synthesized and discharged into the follicle lumen. 1 Tyrosines (part of thyroglobulin molecule) Capillary Golgi apparatus Rough ER Iodine 3 Iodide is oxidized to iodine. Iodide (I–) 2 Iodide (I–) is trapped (actively transported in). Colloid in lumen of follicle Figure 16.9, step 3

Figure 16.9, step 4 Thyroid follicle cells Colloid Thyroglobulin is synthesized and discharged into the follicle lumen. 1 Tyrosines (part of thyroglobulin molecule) Capillary Iodine is attached to tyrosine in colloid, forming DIT and MIT. 4 Golgi apparatus Rough ER Thyro- globulin colloid Iodine Iodide is oxidized to iodine. 3 DIT (T2) MIT (T1) Iodide (I–) 2 Iodide (I–) is trapped (actively transported in). Colloid in lumen of follicle Figure 16.9, step 4

Figure 16.9, step 5 Thyroid follicle cells Colloid 1 Thyroglobulin is synthesized and discharged into the follicle lumen. Tyrosines (part of thyroglobulin molecule) Capillary 4 Iodine is attached to tyrosine in colloid, forming DIT and MIT. Golgi apparatus Rough ER Thyro- globulin colloid Iodine 3 Iodide is oxidized to iodine. DIT (T2) MIT (T1) Iodide (I–) Iodide (I–) is trapped (actively transported in). 2 T4 5 Iodinated tyrosines are linked together to form T3 and T4. T3 Colloid in lumen of follicle Figure 16.9, step 5

Figure 16.9, step 6 Thyroid follicle cells Colloid 1 Thyroglobulin is synthesized and discharged into the follicle lumen. Tyrosines (part of thyroglobulin molecule) Capillary 4 Iodine is attached to tyrosine in colloid, forming DIT and MIT. Golgi apparatus Rough ER Thyro- globulin colloid Iodine Iodide is oxidized to iodine. 3 DIT (T2) MIT (T1) Iodide (I–) Iodide (I–) is trapped (actively transported in). 2 T4 5 Iodinated tyrosines are linked together to form T3 and T4. T3 Lysosome 6 Thyroglobulin colloid is endocytosed and combined with a lysosome. Colloid in lumen of follicle Figure 16.9, step 6

Figure 16.9, step 7 Thyroid follicle cells Colloid Thyroglobulin is synthesized and discharged into the follicle lumen. 1 Tyrosines (part of thyroglobulin molecule) Capillary 4 Iodine is attached to tyrosine in colloid, forming DIT and MIT. Golgi apparatus Rough ER Thyro- globulin colloid Iodine 3 Iodide is oxidized to iodine. DIT (T2) MIT (T1) Iodide (I–) Iodide (I–) is trapped (actively transported in). 2 T4 5 Iodinated tyrosines are linked together to form T3 and T4. T3 Lysosome T4 6 Thyroglobulin colloid is endocytosed and combined with a lysosome. T3 Lysosomal enzymes cleave T4 and T3 from thyroglobulin colloid and hormones diffuse into bloodstream. 7 T4 Colloid in lumen of follicle T3 To peripheral tissues Figure 16.9, step 7

Hypothalamus TRH Anterior pituitary TSH Thyroid gland Thyroid hormones Stimulates Target cells Inhibits Figure 16.7

Homeostatic Imbalances of TH Hyposecretion in adults—myxedema; endemic goiter if due to lack of iodine Hyposecretion in infants—cretinism Hypersecretion—Graves’ disease

Figure 16.10

Pharynx (posterior aspect) Chief cells (secrete parathyroid hormone) gland Parathyroid glands Oxyphil cells Esophagus Trachea Capillary (a) (b) Figure 16.11

1 2 3 Hypocalcemia (low blood Ca2+) stimulates parathyroid glands to release PTH. Rising Ca2+ in blood inhibits PTH release. Bone PTH activates osteoclasts: Ca2+ and PO43S released into blood. 1 2 PTH increases Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney tubules. Kidney PTH promotes kidney’s activation of vitamin D, which increases Ca2+ absorption from food. 3 Intestine Ca2+ ions Bloodstream PTH Molecules Figure 16.12

Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Adrenal medulla Capsule Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Adrenal gland Cortex • Medulla • Cortex Zona reticularis Kidney Medulla Adrenal medulla (a) Drawing of the histology of the adrenal cortex and a portion of the adrenal medulla Figure 16.13a

Mechanisms of Aldosterone Secretion Renin-angiotensin mechanism: decreased blood pressure stimulates kidneys to release renin, triggers formation of angiotensin II, a potent stimulator of aldosterone release Plasma concentration of K+: Increased K+ directly influences the zona glomerulosa cells to release aldosterone ACTH: causes small increases of aldosterone during stress Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): blocks renin and aldosterone secretion, to decrease blood pressure

water; increased K+ excretion Primary regulators Other factors Blood volume and/or blood pressure K+ in blood Stress Blood pressure and/or blood volume Hypo- thalamus Heart Kidney CRH Direct stimulating effect Anterior pituitary Renin Initiates cascade that produces ACTH Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Angiotensin II Inhibitory effect Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex Enhanced secretion of aldosterone Targets kidney tubules Absorption of Na+ and water; increased K+ excretion Blood volume and/or blood pressure Figure 16.14

Homeostatic Imbalances of Aldosterone Aldosteronism—hypersecretion due to adrenal tumors Hypertension and edema due to excessive Na+ Excretion of K+ leading to abnormal function of neurons and muscle

Homeostatic Imbalances of Glucocorticoids Hypersecretion—Cushing’s syndrome Depresses cartilage and bone formation Inhibits inflammation Depresses the immune system Promotes changes in cardiovascular, neural, and gastrointestinal function Hyposecretion—Addison’s disease Also involves deficits in mineralocorticoids Decrease in glucose and Na+ levels Weight loss, severe dehydration, and hypotension

Figure 16.15

Figure 16.16 Short-term stress More prolonged stress Stress Nerve impulses Hypothalamus CRH (corticotropin- releasing hormone) Spinal cord Corticotroph cells of anterior pituitary Preganglionic sympathetic fibers To target in blood Adrenal cortex (secretes steroid hormones) Adrenal medulla (secretes amino acid- based hormones) ACTH Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Short-term stress response Long-term stress response 1. Increased heart rate 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood 4. Dilation of bronchioles 5. Changes in blood flow patterns leading to decreased digestive system activity and reduced urine output 6. Increased metabolic rate 1. Retention of sodium and water by kidneys 2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure 1. Proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy 2. Increased blood glucose 3. Suppression of immune system Figure 16.16

Major target liver promotes Glucagon Major target liver promotes Glycogenolysis—breakdown glycogen to glucose Gluconeogenesis—synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates Release of glucose to the blood

Insulin Effects of insulin Lowers blood glucose levels Enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells Participates in neuronal development and learning and memory Inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Insulin Action on Cells Activates a tyrosine kinase enzyme receptor Cascade leads to increased glucose uptake and enzymatic activities that Catalyze the oxidation of glucose for ATP production Polymerize glucose to form glycogen Convert glucose to fat (particularly in adipose tissue)

Stimulates glucose uptake by cells Insulin Tissue cells Stimulates glycogen formation Pancreas Glucose Glycogen Blood glucose falls to normal range. Liver Stimulus Blood glucose level Stimulus Blood glucose level Blood glucose rises to normal range. Pancreas Liver Glucose Glycogen Stimulates glycogen breakdown Glucagon Figure 16.18

Table 16.4

Other Hormone-Producing Structures Kidneys Erythropoietin signals production of red blood cells Renin initiates the renin-angiotensin mechanism Skin Cholecalciferol, the precursor of vitamin D Adipose tissue Leptin is involved in appetite control, and stimulates increased energy expenditure

Other Hormone-Producing Structures Skeleton (osteoblasts) Osteocalcin prods pancreatic beta cells to divide and secrete more insulin, improving glucose handling and reducing body fat Thymus Thymulin, thymopoietins, and thymosins are involved in normal the development of the T lymphocytes in the immune response

Developmental Aspects Exposure to pesticides, industrial chemicals, arsenic, dioxin, and soil and water pollutants disrupts hormone function Sex hormones, thyroid hormone, and glucocorticoids are vulnerable to the effects of pollutants Interference with glucocorticoids may help explain high cancer rates in certain areas

Developmental Aspects Ovaries undergo significant changes with age and become unresponsive to gonadotropins; problems associated with estrogen deficiency begin to occur Testosterone also diminishes with age, but effect is not usually seen until very old age

Developmental Aspects GH levels decline with age and this accounts for muscle atrophy with age TH declines with age, contributing to lower basal metabolic rates PTH levels remain fairly constant with age, but lack of estrogen in older women makes them more vulnerable to bone-demineralizing effects of PTH