New France 1627-1663

I. Population in 1627 Situation in New France 100 colonists lived in New France mostly men 11 women 96 men

II. Company of One Hundred Associates Company Creation: Chartered company created by the state in 1627 Made up of 100 investors including Cardinal Richilieu & Samuel de Champlain Fur Trade company

II. Company of One Hundred Associates Privileges & Obligations/Mandate: Privilege: Granted a fur trade monopoly & joint control over the colony Mandate: Evangelization of Natives Populating the colony by bringing over 4000 settlers in 15 years

II. Company of One Hundred Associates Reasons for small settlement: War against England caused financial losses: Company ships captured by the English Capture of Quebec by the English in 1628 Company had little interest in bringing settlers: No need for French labour because Natives brought furs to trading posts Trading posts needed few people to operate Expensive to bring settlers Mostly men attracted by the fur trade

Treaty of Saint- Germain – en- Laye 1632 –treaty was signed Maximilian Van der Gucht, etching, “Attack on Quebec by Captain Kirke,” dated to the 17th century. Treaty of Saint- Germain – en- Laye 1632 –treaty was signed New France was returned under the control of France

II. Company of One Hundred Associates Attempts at Colonization: Trois – Rivieres - Permanent fort founded in 1634 Engages – were encouraged to settle permanently in the colony after their employment contract was over The Company leased its monopoly to the Communaute des Habitants in hopes of paying off its debts Trois Rivieres - 1634

III. Seigneurial System Social Organization: A system used to organize land and social affairs - created in 1627: Company of 100 Associates distributed land to seigneurs - along the St. Lawrence River Seigneurs found settlers to become tenants - Censitaires and work the land for them Each censitaires gave a portion of their crops/dues to the seigneur as payment Seigneurial System: A model of social organization in which a seigneur distributes land to peasants in exchange for dues Seigneury: land belonging to a seigneur Censitaires: a peasant who receives a plot of land from a seigneur

Seigneurs – Nobles, Administrators… Censitaires - Peasants Responsibilities Seigneurs – Nobles, Administrators… Censitaires - Peasants Loyalty to the king Grant land to censitaires Build and maintain flour mill Reserve metal ores and oaks for the king Give 1/5 of value to the king if seigneury was sold Keep the state informed of affairs in the seigneury Work the land Pay an annual rent in money or produce Pay for using the flour mill with produce 3 days unpaid labour to the seigneur Maintain public roads on their land

III. Seigneurial System Social Diversity of Seigneurs Usually nobles, bourgeoisie, administrators military officers or religious orders Part of the elite society of France (wealthy or influential) Enjoyed prestige Daily Life: Clear the land Farm work Women cooked and raised kids Winter was a time of little work

III. Seigneurial System Territorial Organization Situated perpendicular to the St. Lawrence River Typically found on a siegneury: Church Land – church, cemetery, priest’s house Seigneur’s Estate – manor house Censives -Farm lots Commons – pasture for animals Gristmill Range road & perpendicular road Uncleared land River Censive Gristmill Seigneur’s Estate Range Road Church Land

Seigneuries in New France

IV. Catholicism in New France Goal of the Church: Main Goal: Religious orders - Ursulines, Recollets and the Jesuits were sent to evangelize the Natives Provided support & guidance to the colonists Oversaw education and healthcare Strategies: Encouraged immigration to model Christian living to the Natives Established missions

Support & Guidance for colonists: Parish: Territory under the responsibility of a priest who offers religious services Tithe: Tax which Catholics pay to the Church. In New France it was paid in grain Established parishes Established and operated several institutions and services: Schools Mass Hospitals Charities Orphanages Social Events

Key Establishments of the Church: Hotel Dieu Ville Marie Mission founded at Montreal/Ville Marie in 1642 Paul de Chomeday de Maisonneuve and Jeanne Mance created Montreal to convert and educate the Natives Hotel Dieu First hospital in New France – created by Jeanne Mance -1642 Ville - Marie

Role of the Bishop Supreme authority of the church in New France First Bishop – Monseigneur Francois de Laval Issued pastoral letters to convey key instructions to his parishioners

V. Alliances & Rivalries Rivalries between Europeans and Natives French: Aligned with the Algonquin, Maliseet, Innu and the Huron-Wendat The Iroquois and their allies became French enemies Dutch & English: Aligned with the Iroquois to profit from fur trade Europeans Native Allies French Algonquin Maliseet Huron-Wendat English & Dutch Iroquois

Iroquois Wars – 17th Century Iroquois launched several attacks against the French using guns provided by Dutch & English French were few in number and lacked military support – they sought peace accords to secure the colony Iroquois continued to attack – the wars led to the disappearance/scattering of the Huron – Wendat from the Great Lakes region

VI. New France around 1663 Territory Fur trade led to vast territorial expansion New France, Circa 1663

VI. New France around 1663 Population of French Origin 3000 colonists vs 80,000 in English colonies Demographic imbalance between male and female population mostly men attracted by the fur trade 37% women 63% men

Native Population Acculturation: A process by which one adopts foreign cultural practices in whole or part Metis A person of mixed European and Native heritage. Usually European father and Native mother Large drop in population due to war and disease (smallpox, typhus, cholera, chicken pox) Acculturation of natives Changing culture Adoption of clothing tools and weapons Conversion Mixed marriages – Metis population

Economy Based on fur trade Iroquois wars result in weakening of French trade and alliance network Decrease of fur supply