NETosis is not a source of cellular hypercitrullination.

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NETosis is not a source of cellular hypercitrullination. NETosis is not a source of cellular hypercitrullination. (A and B) Healthy control peripheral blood neutrophils were incubated alone (lane 2, unstimulated control), co-incubated with 100 nM PMA to induce NETosis (lane 1), or co-incubated with 1 μM ionomycin to induce LTH (lane 3). Reactions were stopped after 4 hours at 37°C. Total protein citrullination was detected using rhodamine-phenylglyoxal (A). RA autoantigens were detected by immunoblotting using high-titer ACPA+ RA serum (B). Samples were electrophoresed on 15% (A) or 12.5% (B) SDS–polyacrylamide gels. The data shown in (B) are representative of sera from five individuals with RA. (C and D) Schematic representation of a small peptide (C) and a protein (D) in their native and citrullinated forms. By targeting any sequence not affected by citrullination, antibodies to native proteins can similarly recognize both native and citrullinated peptides and proteins. The peptide sequence in (C) is from myeloperoxidase (MPO) and was obtained from Fig. 1F in the study of Carmona-Rivera et al. (1). (E) Purified histone H3 (H3), histone H4 (H4) (New England Biolabs), vimentin (vim) (PeproTech), and MPO (Millipore) were citrullinated in vitro with purified recombinant human PAD4 (peptidylarginine deiminase 4). The citrullinated (cit) proteins were detected by dot blot using irrelevant mouse IgG (catalog no. M5409, Sigma-Aldrich) (control) or commercial antibodies (Abs) to native histone H3, histone H4, vimentin (clone nos. 96C10, L64C1, and 5G3F10, respectively, Cell Signaling), and MPO (clone no. 392105, R&D Systems). Jing Shi, and Felipe Andrade Sci. Immunol. 2018;3:eaao6234 Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works