Pre-_____________________ Ch 8, p. 143 The Peoples of N America and Mesoamerica

Ch 8.1 Vocab ____________ Clan Tepee

Early N American Societies Early hunters/gatherers Ppl crossed land bridge from Asia during last Ice Age Farming around ___________ ___________ Large cities, sometimes w/ populations over 10,000 (Cahokia)

Early Societies, Cont’d. The ___________ NE of Mississippian ppl Lived in longhouses Farming + h & g Lots of warring, UNTIL ____________________________________________, and form a Grand Council to settle differences

Early Societies, Cont’d. ___________ Farming and buffalo hunting Meat, shelter, clothing ___________ to create extensive farms Multistory pueblos Chaco Canyon Mesa Verde

Query What might have caused early peoples to move away from h & g and to start farming? __________________________________________________________________________________

The Maya Rise and Fall – 300 to 900 AD City-states Yucatan Peninsula, _________________________ ____________________________________________ City-states Some with more than 100,000 ppl Governed by hereditary ruling class Lots of warring

The Maya, Cont’d. Social Structure Religion _________________________________________ Rulers > Nobles > Priest-Scribes > Peasants Religion

The Maya, Cont’d. Religion… Writing _____________________________________________________________________________ So, best to appease gods with ritual and human sacrifice Writing

Mayan Calendar! _________________________________ Based on cycles of creation and destruction Counted in solar years and sacred years Sacred years were interpreted by priests only Mathematics for astronomical purposes… End of times!

The Toltec From N and C Mexico, 950 to 1150 AD Fairly large population and strong agriculture Also practiced human sacrifice and built pyramids __________________________________________________________________ Gold, silver & copper

The Aztec Founded city of Tenochtitlan in 14th century Triple Alliance In Valley of Mexico __________________________________________________________________ Triple Alliance w/ neighboring city-states of Tetzcoco and Tlacopan Made Aztecs super powerful in Mexico

The Aztec, Cont’d. Politics and Social Ruled by a monarch, descended from gods Used a council of nobles and officials _____________________________________________________________________________ Noble males served in military, gov’t. and priesthood Everyone else: indentured workers, slaves, and commoners

The Aztec, Cont’d. Religion Then the Spanish arrive _____________________________________________________________________________ Human sacrifice Ometeotl, Huitzilopochli, and Quetzalcoatl Then the Spanish arrive 1500s ________________________________________________________________________________________

Ch 8.1 Discussion & Review T/F: The Maya built pyramids topped with shrines to the gods. ___________ What mesoamerica group first introduced metal working? Many mesoamerican religions believed in a constant spiritual struggle btwn ______ and _______. ________________

Early S American Civilizations Ch 8.2, p. 153

Early S American Civilizations Three different civs: ___________ Chavin Starts around 900 BC, little is known except for large temples and pottery

Early S American Civilizations Nazca ______________________________ Preserved Chavin style of pottery No big temples though Grooves in rocky soil that create images of animals, humans and geometric forms. Who knows why? Maybe religious practice, maybe aliens.

Early S American Civilizations ________________ Developed near Ecuador around 300 AD In a river valley near Pacific Ocean Grew maize, peanuts, potatoes, and cotton w/ sophisticated irrigation Pottery depicts lots of warfare BUT no written language Eventually replaced by another kingdom (Chimor) in 700s

Query What are the advantages of living near an ocean, as the Moche did? ________________________________________ What crops were first cultivated by South American civilizations? ______________

The Inca Empire Pachacuti Initially only a small Andean community Then, in mid 1400s, Pachacuti decided to conquer lots of territory ___________________________________________________________________________

Inca, Cont’d. Mighty empire ______________________________ As many as 12 million ppl Huge army, all young men required to serve ______________________________ Forced ppl to learn Quechua language Inca noble governed new lands _________________________________________________________________________

Inca, Cont’d. Government __________________ Empire divided into 4 parts Governor for each Each quarter was further split into provinces __________________ All Incans required to work on building projects for a few weeks a year Often had to travel vast distances

Inca, Cont’d. Social Org Strict organization, men and women had to select spouses from tribal groups Weaving and child care were the main tasks for women _____________________________________ Commoners receive vocational training Agriculture, service to community Nobles receive formal education Four years: Quechua language, religion, quipu, and social studies/math

Ch 8.2 Discussion & Review Which Incan leader conquered most of Pacific coastal South America? ___________ T/F: Incan ppl kept historical and mathematical records with advanced calculus. ______________________ Which civilization absorbed some of the Chavin culture?