Warm up: Vocab Using the textbook, define these terms: Ziggurat Cuneiform Patriarchal Nile River Pharaoh King Menes Vizier Mummification Giza Hieroglyphics

Review Early Judaism shapes/influences monotheism. While helpful initially, Bronze Age eventually gives way to Iron Age Iron allows new empires to flourish Assyrian Empire Persian Empire/Cyrus the Great

Today: Ancient Egypt! How different is this culture/region from Mesopotamia? The first King of Egypt Pharaohs and Immortality The pyramids!

Egypt was different from Sumer The Nile would flood each year in the spring. With the flood, it would deposit a rich later of silt on either side of the river. Mediterranean Sea Western Desert Egypt had several natural barriers which helped to protect it from invasion Red Sea

Lower Egypt Upper Egypt

The Beginnings of Ancient Egypt 6,000 B.C.- First inhabitants begin to settle around the Nile River. 3,100 B.C.--The King of Upper Egypt named Menes, united Upper and Lower Egypt. Menes makes the city of Memphis his capital city.

Egypt’s Pharaohs = Gods Pharaohs were Gods. Different from Mesopotamia civilizations Pharaohs were the center of Egypt’s religion, government, and army.

Hieroglyphics A form of Egyptian writing based on pictorial characters for words and sounds.

Rosetta Stone Carries an inscription in 3 different languages which helped decipher the Egyptian hieroglyphic script. It is the only surviving fragment of a larger stone slab recording a decree on 27 March, 196 BC.

Menes & The Old Kingdom Members of Menes’s family passed the double crown of upper and lower Egypt from father to son to grandson. Ancient Egypt would consist of 31 dynasties, spanning 2,800 years.

Immortality of the Pharaoh Egyptians believed that their pharaoh ruled even after his death. He had an eternal spirit, or ka, that continued to take part in governing Egypt. Egyptians also believed that the ka remained much like a living pharaoh in its needs and pleasures. Pharaoh’s Tomb needed the following: Eternal comforts: Decorated the walls of the burial chamber with pictures of whatever he might need or like. Luxuries: Fine jewelry, rich clothing. Inscriptions: Writings of pharaoh’s achievements in life were also found on tomb walls.

The Old Kingdom & Pyramids The Old Kingdom was the great age of pyramid building in ancient Egypt. The pharaohs expected to reign forever. Their tombs (pyramids) were more important than their palaces.

Did slaves build the pyramids? What evidence does this source use to support its claim? Do you find this evidence convincing? Why or why not?

Warm up Matching Vocab- QUIZ THIS WEEK Ka Mesopotamia Person skilled in an applied art Idea that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God The eternal soul of the pharaoh During this time, people’s food supplies reached a surplus and permanent settles were established Region between the Tigris and Euphrates; home to the Fertile Crescent A form of Egyptian writing based on pictorial characters for words and sounds Well-preserved Babylonian code of law of ancient Mesopotamia pertaining to Greek language and culture Ka Mesopotamia Neolithic revolution Artisans Divine Right of Kings Hellenistic Hieroglyphics Hammurabi’s Code

Ka Mesopotamia Neolithic revolution Artisans Divine Right of Kings Person skilled in an applied art Idea that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God The eternal soul of the pharaoh During this time, people’s food supplies reached a surplus and permanent settles were established Region between the Tigris and Euphrates; home to the Fertile Crescent A form of Egyptian writing based on pictorial characters for words and sounds Well-preserved Babylonian code of law of ancient Mesopotamia pertaining to Greek language and culture Ka Mesopotamia Neolithic revolution Artisans Divine Right of Kings Hellenistic Hieroglyphics Hammurabi’s Code

Review Egypt is very different from Sumer/other civilizations Pharaohs are gods in Egyptian culture Pyramids housed tombs of pharaohs and were seen as more important than other palaces.

Today Fall of the Old Kingdom Rise and fall of the Middle Kingdom New Kingdom

Illness Brings Ruin Old Kingdom declined gradually, likely due to bad harvests, which results in widespread famine. Power of the pharaohs declined. More power fell to the nobles, officials. Local rulers struggled among themselves for power.

Royal Power Returns in the Middle Kingdom (2080-1640 B.C.) After the fall of the Old Kingdom there was a period of chaos for about 150 years. The capital moved from Memphis to Thebes Public projects were created by great trade brought in. Afterlife for commoners: Egyptians came to believe that ordinary people had eternal souls. Above: Coffin of a Middle Kingdom Official

Fall of Middle Kingdom The Middle Kingdom ended with the invasion of the Hyksos The Hyksos had Chariots and superior weapons. Hyksos Ruled from 1640-1570 B.C

Hyksos Bring New Skills Ability to make Bronze for tools and weapons. (Egyptians were using copper). Ability to wage war from horse drawn chariots. A new bow for arrows Spinning and weaving techniques.

Pharaohs of the New Kingdom took a more aggressive ruling style The New Kingdom: (1570-1075 B.C.) Eventually the Egyptians overthrew the Hyksos and established the New Kingdom Pharaohs of the New Kingdom took a more aggressive ruling style Egyptians became conquerors.

Akhenaton Akhenaton wanted Egypt to worship the god of the sun, Aton, as the only god. He closed all of the temples to the other gods and caused major social and political problems. After his death Tutankhamen (King Tut) restored the old ways of worship.

King Tut:Tutankhamen Became Pharaoh after the death of Akhenaton. Restored the old religious practices The only tomb to be found intact

Above: Nov. 4, 2007: King Tut's mummy, unmasked and on public display in Egypt for the first time since being discovered 85 years ago. Right: A facial-reconstruction model of King Tutankhamun made by a French team based on CT scans of the boy king's mummy.

Film: King Tutankhamon https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vj6SfJunouQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vj6SfJunouQ Steve Martin: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgTPH5y1-ZI

Rule By Queen Queen Hatshepsut declared herself pharaoh around 1478 B.C. She ruled for more than 20 years.

Hatshepsut Was the daughter of a Pharaoh and the mother and regent of a Pharaoh. Had to pose as a man to cement her authority. Emphasized trade, built many monuments; successful ruler Mysterious death; natural or murder?

Film: Queen Hatshepsut https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8bYRy_wZEJI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8bYRy_wZEJI

Ramses II Great ruler of the New Kingdom Reigned for 67 years (1279-1212 B.C.). Empire builder and military leader; signed treaty with Hittites Created the giant Temple of Amon at Karnak.

How Egyptian Mummies Are Made https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gD0K7oH92U

Egypt’s Decline of Power 1200 B.C.– Invasions. Egyptian records speak of attacks by “The People of the Sea.” Little is known of these invaders. Both the Egyptian and Hittite kingdoms fell to these mysterious enemies. In 671 B.C. Assyrians took over Egypt.