Study for absolutism vocabulary quiz!

Absolutism 1500-1800 Louis XIV Peter the Great Catherine the Great Frederick the Great Elizabeth I James I

objectives WHII.6 The student will demonstrate knowledge of scientific, political, economic, and religious changes during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries by b) describing the Age of Absolutism, including the monarchies of Louis XIV and Peter the Great; c) assessing the impacts of the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution on democracy;

What is Absolutism? A political theory holding that all power should be vested in one ruler or other authority. Centralization of Power Rule by Divine Right (God gives them power to rule) KINGS BECAME STRONGER IN THE 1500s AS THE POWER OF THE CHURCH WEAKENED

Europe in 1500

Absolutism in France

St. Bartholomew’s day massacre Massacre of thousands of Huguenots a few days after Henry IV’s wedding Believed to be instigated by French Catholics

France – Bourbon Family Henry IV- First Bourbon ruler (1589) Converted to Catholicism to bring peace to France Issued the Edict of Nantes (granted rights to Huguenots) He made the tax situation better, but could not fix all of the problems He was murdered in 1610

Cardinal Richelieu 1624-1642 Background Henry IV’s son (Louis XIII) was 8 years old when he was murdered Louis’ mother ruled until 1617 Louis chose Cardinal Richelieu to be his chief minister

Richelieu’s Political Policies He took power away from the nobles and political rights from the Huguenots. Freedom given to the Huguenots was dangerous Strengthened the authority of regional representatives (intendants) of the King Over time he took away power from intendants, so the King controlled everything

Richelieu and the 30 years War France wanted to weaken the Holy Roman Empire’s ruling family- HABSBURGS Kept France out of it directly : weaken other European countries Later France gets involved 1648- Treaty of Westphalia : France gets Alsace

Louis XIV – The Sun King 1643-1715 Ruled France for 72 years – longest reign in French history Built the Palace of Versailles Symbol of Royal Power A few miles outside of Paris “L’etat, c’est moi” – I am the State Ruled by Divine Right

VersailleS

Louis XIV’s govt. Jean-Baptiste Colbert (advisor) Goals: Expert in finance Well educated member of the middle class Goals: Increase French industry Placed high tariffs on foreign imports to protect French business Worked to improve transportation Encouraged colonization

Louis XIV REVOKED THE EDICT OF NANTES!!!! How would this affect France?

War of Spanish succession A war (1701-1704) fought by Austria, England, the Netherlands, and Prussia against France and Spain, arising from disputes about the succession in Spain after the death of Charles II of Spain. Controversy because heir to Spanish throne (Phillip V) had claim to French throne as well (grandson of Louis XIV) Not “fair” for one person to potentially rule two countries Treaty of Utrecht: Peace treaty that allowed Phillip V to take Spanish throne as long as he gave up his claim to French throne

Louis XIV’s Legacy Made France a powerful European nation His wars put a financial strain on the treasury

Quick review Q. How did the political policies of Cardinal Richelieu affect the power of the French king? A. Richelieu took away religious freedom from the Huguenots & gave power to the regional intendants, then took it away. Both gave the king more religious and political authority in France Q. What result did the Treaty of Westphalia have on the territory of a) France and b) Europe itself? A. France gained Alsace region, Holy Roman Empire was absorbed for the most part into Austria, Prussia, and new German States

Absolutism in russia

Russia – Romanov Dynasty Isolated from Western Europe – WHY? Before 1480 ruled by Mongols: Asian influence Western Civilization reached through Constantinople – Eastern Orthodox not Roman Catholic/Protestant Used the Cyrillic alphabet- hard to communicate GEOGRAPHY : LANDLOCKED

Romanov Background 1613- Russian National Assembly elected Michael Romanov to be Czar Romanovs ruled Russia for the next 300 years Strengthened absolutism in Russia

Peter the Great 1689- 1725 Believed Russia needed to be more like the WEST Goals: Wanted to gain ports on the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea Improve the military 1697- disguised as private citizen, went to several European countries

Peter continued….. He learned a lot about the west: improved ships, improved the military 1700- War with Sweden Result- Gained territory on the east coast of the Gulf of Finland ACCESS TO THE BALTIC SEA!!! Built St. Petersburg (wonder where the name came from) Moved the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg

Peter’s accomplishments and oppositional changes Women became less socially isolated Men cut off their beards Modernized the army Encouraged manufacturing and foreign trade Oppositional changes (Negative Things) Took control of the Church Increased the number of serfs (noble’s estates)

Catherine the Great 1762-1796 German Princess who married Peter III He was killed and she became his successor She extended serfdom Nobles thrived (speaking French) Foreign Policy Fought the Turks – gained control of the northern shore of the Black Sea and Crimea

Catherine and Poland Poland was weak Different ethnic and religious backgrounds Roman Catholic leaders discriminated against minorities Minorities asked Prussia, Austria and Russia for help Catherine (Russia), Prussia and Austria saw this as an opportunity They partitioned Poland 3 times (1772, 1793, and 1795)

Quick Review Q- In what ways were Peter and Catherine the Great absolute monarchs? A- Both had absolute control of highly centralized government and monitored nobles and church Q- How did Russia overcome its isolation from Europe? A- Cultural exchange, expansion of territory, importing Western ways

Absolutism in austria

Austria – Habsburg Family 1740- Holy Roman Empire Charles V died 23 year old daughter: Maria Theresa inherits the throne Pragmatic Sanction: Maria Theresa could inherit all the Habsburg lands Her empire included: Belgians, Bohemians, Croatians, Germans, Hungarians, Italians, Poles, Romanians, Serbs, and Slovenes

Maria Theresa’s Tribulations Different nationalities led to conflict of religion and language Rival state = Brandenburg-Prussia The Diversity made it difficult to rule

Absolutism in prussia

The Rise of the Hohenzollerns/Prussia Rulers of Brandenburg- Prussia (North German State) Frederick William (Great Elector) Ruled at the end of the 30 years War Unified armies, improved the tax system, agriculture, industry and transportation Frederick William I Signed the Pragmatic Sanction

Frederick the Great Used military power War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) Sides Prussia, Bavaria, Spain and France VS Austria, Great Britain, Netherlands and Russia Prussia wanted Silesia (Austrian territory) PRUSSIA WINS Accomplishments- linked Prussia with East Prussia helped bring about the First Partition of Poland made Prussia economically and politically powerful

Absolutism in England

House of Tudor family tree

England – House of Tudor First Tudor King = Henry VII Henry VIII – Anglican Church (Church of England) Edward- ruled for 6 years Mary I- 1553-1558: First reigning Queen of England Catholic and wanted to do away with the Anglican Church/Protestants Had more than 300 people burned at the stake “Bloody Mary”

Elizabeth I 1558-1603 Protestant Queen Worked with Parliament to prevent conflict She never married – “Virgin Queen” (Virginia) Mary Queen of Scots (Mary Stuart) Heir to the throne after Elizabeth Plotted with Phillip II of Spain to KILL Elizabeth 1587- BEHEADED

Spanish Armada “Invincible Armada” In 1588 Philip II launched a fleet of 130 ships toward England Why? English sea raiders and Elizabeth’s help to Protestants in Spain English ships were smaller, swifter and could shoot further

Elizabeth’s religious problems Puritans- wanted to “purify” the Anglican Church Didn’t like the Anglican Church keeping Catholic practices Example- Anglican priests dressed traditionally Elizabeth persecuted Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants Had to pay fines

James I King James VI of Scotland becomes King James I of England (Mary Queen of Scots’ son) Stuart Family Believed in the Divine Right Strong supporter of the Anglican Church King James version of the Bible Make Puritans happy Problems with Parliament (taxes, alliance with Spain) Son- Charles I To be continued …………