Evolution

Biogenesis vs. Spontaneous Generation 1620’s Redi-Italian Scientist set forth to prove Spontaneous Generation WRONG! *People did not buy into it…why?

Finally….Spontaneous Generation is Busted Pasteur-French 1820’s

Miller and Urey-1950’s America Life on Earth

Fossils –Interest in 1800’s Layers, distribution of fossils in layers-layers close together (organisms look alike) organisms on distal layers look different.

Cuvier and Lyell- after studying rock layers, came up with these conclusions George Cuvier-1800, Europe, since organisms in rock layers spontaneously go extinct, catastrophes must shape the way organisms evolve. Charles Lyell-1850’s-Europe, organisms change and evolve from changing geological process that have been around since the beginning of time. Slow, steady changes, NOT sudden catastrophes have shaped earth and its organisms. Idea of uniformitarianism.

Lamarck-early 1800’s

Charles Darwin 1850’s Interested in science Read about Lyell's thoughts “descent with modification”-organisms came from a common ancestor and was changed or modified with time turning into a different organism Sailed the Beagle to collect evidence of his theory Journal was made into a book called, the Origin of Species

Set to prove his theory of “Descent with Modification” Darwin’s Journey on the Beagle 1830’s

Galapagos Finches

Galapagos Turtles

Natural Selection with the White-Peppered Moths 1800’s England

Natural Selection Caused descent with modification “evolution” because of 4 main factors:

4 factors Overproduction genetic variation struggle to survive differential reproduction

4 factors that lead to Natural Selection: 1. Overproduction-better chance of survival with the production of more offspring, because eventually the environment will reach a carrying capacity. 2. Genetic Variation-different genes produce different traits which may be more favorable in a certain environment 3. Struggle to Survive: Organisms must compete for survival, food, resources, space, genes (adaptations). 4. Differential Reproduction-Organisms with the best adaptations are more likely to survive, therefore they evolve

Thomas Malthus Late 1700’s-Proposed that populations increase faster than food supplies. Thus, populations are always limited by conditions such as war, disease, lack of food. What does this mean for the human population? Have we reached our carrying capacity? Do we have any of these factors limiting our population today?

http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/

Evidence of Evolution Fossils-age and distribution Transitional Species Biogeography Anatomy-homologous structures Embryology Biological Molecules

Fossils in close proximity are alike, fossils far away are different

Transitional species

Biogeography Study of the locations of organisms around the world Marsupials are only in Australia, however, they look like moles, wolves, cats…they must have evolved separately

Anatomy:Homologous structures-shows a relationship

Anatomy: Analogous structures do not show a relationship

Embryology

Vestigial Structures

Biomolecules such as DNA

Phylogeny

Evolution in action Adaptive radiation-A new population to a new environment, changing rapidly to adapt to its new surroundings (CA Salamander) Convergent evolution-different species evolve similar traits to best suit its environment (whale, dolphin and shark are unrelated but share similar characteristics) Divergent evolution-when descendents from a common ancestor diversify into different species that fit a different environment.

CA Salamander

Selective breeding

Coevolution

Transitional Species The Whale: How it has evolved

Adaptations