Catalyst: Tuesday, 10/29/13 Consider two species of finches from the Galapagos Islands. These two finches share a common ancestor from South America. How will did these finches develop into two different species? Look at the Figure E2.8. Write down all the information you can obtain from this diagram.

Agenda Catalyst Announcements Period 3 – Evolution Evidence Poster DUE Friday, November 1st. Period 7 – Evolution Evidence Website (unpublished website AND notebook with research) DUE Friday, November 1st. Antibiotic Resistance Discussion Check Point Slip Evidence for Evolution Review * Project Work Time Status Report

P3: 28 (neat room, on time) P7: 28 (neat room, on time) GPoints Your class can earn class points if: everyone in class: Comes to class quietly and on time Stays focused and on task during class Leaves classroom neat and organized Students are teaching other students Majority of class participates Follows all classroom expectations and procedures And more… P3: 28 (neat room, on time) P7: 28 (neat room, on time)

 Objectives 10/29/13 We will be able to Analyze the evidence for biological evolution Explain the process of biological evolution Describe the role of evolution in antibiotic resistance 

Antibiotics Read the “NEED TO KNOW” box on page 61. Write the four most important points from the passage. Be sure to write in your own words and AVOID copying word for word. Writing in your own words helps you PROCESS the information more effectively.

SCENARIO – “A Turn for the Worse” 1. Open to page 59 and follow along. Any volunteers to act this out as we read it? 2. Complete the “Process and Procedures section” found on page 59 in your notebook. You may work with the person NEXT to you IF you want. Otherwise, please work quietly and independently. 3. Analyze Figure 2.10 carefully. Then complete the “Analysis” section on page 60.

“Superbugs!” TEDTalk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ikZQPB45Zbw As you watch video, STAY AWAKE!!! Take notes on the important points the speaker makes. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYvX8tnCM9s

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Genetic material of cells… GENES – units of genetic material that CODES FOR A SPECIFIC TRAIT Called NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA is made up of repeating molecules called NUCLEOTIDES

DNA Double Helix P O 1 2 3 4 5 P O 1 2 3 4 5 G C T A

Nitrogenous Bases PURINES 1. Adenine (A) 2. Guanine (G) PYRIMIDINES 3. Thymine (T) 4. Cytosine (C) A or G T or C

BASE-PAIRINGS C G H-bonds T A

Genetic Diversity… Different arrangements of NUCLEOTIDES in a nucleic acid (DNA) provides the key to DIVERSITY among living organisms.

The Code of Life… A T C G T A T G C G G… The “code” of the chromosome is the SPECIFIC ORDER that bases occur. A T C G T A T G C G G…

How can a bacteria cell specifically resist antibiotics How can a bacteria cell specifically resist antibiotics? Think of some possible mechanisms. (No right or wrong answer for now…be creative!)

How can you help stop antibiotic resistance?

CheckPoint Slip 10/29/13 On a sheet of paper, please do your best to answer the following INDEPENDENTLY and QUIETLY. This will be evaluated on the amount of effort and thought you put into your answers and not necessarily the accuracy of the content. You may NOT work with a partner. Any talking will result in a zero. 1. Briefly describe how antibiotics work. 2. How does the theory of evolution explain antibiotic resistance?

Period 3 Only – Evolution Evidence Poster Create a poster that features all the evidence of evolution. Include images, diagrams, and short descriptions to enhance your poster. Be sure that everything you write is in your own words or you will not receive credit. You may work with ONE partner. DUE Friday, November 1st.

During Classwork Time Stay focused on the task you have been assigned. Avoid irrelevant side conversations. Keep the noise level down. Ask THREE before you ask ME. You may put earphones on and listen to music quietly as you do your work. You must make a significant amount of progress by the end of the period! If you have a computer, your phones SHOULD not be out. All phones should be put away.***

Status Report In about a paragraph or more, write about what you have accomplished by the end of this period. Specify at least 5 pieces of new information that you have learned and explain how you will use this for the final product of your project. Please leave this in the inbox as you walk out at the end of class.

What pieces of evidence support biological evolution What pieces of evidence support biological evolution? (Refer to your notes from last week.)

Period 3 Only – Evolution Evidence Poster Create a poster that features all the evidence of evolution. Include images, diagrams, and short descriptions to enhance your poster. Be sure that everything you write is in your own words or you will not receive credit. You may work with ONE partner. DUE Friday, November 1st.

Carbon Dating http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=udkQwW6aLik

Radioisotopes – radiometric dating http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AepDyWBStqo

ALPHA DECAY – LOST OF HELIUM ATOM

Gamma DECAY– Release of Photon

Dating Precambrian rocks Uranium-Lead Method Starts as… Uranium- 238 (238U) Becomes… Lead-206 (206Pb) Half-life is… 4.5 x 109 years Used for… Dating Precambrian rocks

Potassium-Argon Method Starts as… Potassium- 40 (40K) Becomes… Argon-40 (40Ar) Calcium- 40 (40Ca) Half-life is… 1.3 x 109 years Used for… Dating micas, feldspars, hornblendes; constructing geologic time scale

Dating recent remains of organisms Carbon-14 Method Starts as… Carbon-14 (14C) Becomes… Nitrogen- 14 (14N) Half-life is… 5.7 x 103 years Used for… Dating recent remains of organisms

Evidence for Evolutionary Change Website Project We will be creating a class website featuring the evidence for evolutionary change. Each of you will be a specialist in a specific field that will focus on a specialized field of biology as you study the evidence for evolution. You will work within these groups to create one section of the website. You will be evaluated on the following: Accuracy of Content (50%) Clarity and Organization of Content (25%) Creativity (25%) DUE November 1st.

Evidence for Evolutionary Change Website Project COPY THIS DOWN. We will be creating a class website featuring the evidence for evolutionary change. Website URL: http://aofbiology.weebly.com Email: aofbiology2013@gmail.com Password: hydrogenbonding Resources: Online Resources (links will be posted on my website) Books from the library (at least one book from a library)

While Researching… Neatly record your findings AND your sources in your lab notebook. This WILL be part of your grade.

Specialists Studies origins and relatedness of living organisms DESCRIPTION STUDENTS EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGIST Studies origins and relatedness of living organisms MOLECULAR BIOLOGIST Studies the molecular basis of the phenomena of living things PALEONTOLOGIST Investigates biological change by studying fossils and history of the earth DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGIST Studies how the processes of growth and development occur and change over time

During Classwork Time Stay focused on the task you have been assigned. Avoid irrelevant side conversations. Keep the noise level down. Ask THREE before you ask ME. You may put earphones on and listen to music quietly as you do your work. You must make a significant amount of progress by the end of the period! If you have a computer, your phones SHOULD not be out. All phones should be put away.***

Status Report In about a paragraph or more, write about what you have accomplished by the end of this period. Specify at least 5 pieces of new information that you have learned and explain how you will use this for the final product of your project. Please leave this in the inbox as you walk out at the end of class.

The following slides are not mine. We will use them as a reference.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Sailed around the world 1831-1836

2. What did Darwin’s Travels reveal The diversity of living species was far greater than anyone had previously known! These observations led him to develop the theory of evolution!

3.How did tortoises and birds differ among the islands of the Galapagos? Each island had its own type of tortoises and birds that were clearly different from other islands

Galapagos Turtles

4. Evolution is when organisms change over time 4. Evolution is when organisms change over time. So, modern organisms descended from ancient ones

7. Evolution is a Theory – Just like Gravity! Evolution is a well supported explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world A theory in science is a well tested hypothesis, not just a guess

5. Geologists: Hutton and Lyell Fundamentalists said that the earth was around 6000 years old Hutton and Lyell argued that the earth is many millions of years old b/c layers of rock take time to form processes such as volcanoes and earthquakes shaped the earth and still occur today

6. Lamark Theory of acquired characteristics Lamark said organisms acquired traits by using their bodies in new ways These new characteristics were passed to offspring Lamark was totally wrong!

7. Malthus Reasoned that if the human population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later there would be insufficient living space and food for everyone

8. Darwin finally published his ideas in 1859 Other naturalists were developing the same theory that Darwin did. Even though he was afraid of the Church’s reaction to his book he wanted to get credit for his work.

9. Artificial Selection nature provides variation, humans select variations that are useful. Example - a farmer breeds only his best livestock

10. Natural Selection The traits that help an organism survive in a particular environment are “selected” in natural selection

11. Natural Selection and Species Fitness Overtime, natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population. These changes increase a species fitness (survival rate)

Descent with Modification Each living species has descended with changes from other species over time

Summary of Darwin’s Theory 1. Organisms differ; variation is inherited 2. Organisms produce more offspring than survive 3. Organisms compete for resources 4. Organisms with advantages survive to pass those advantages to their children 5. Species alive today are descended with modifications from common ancestors

13. Evidence of Evolution Fossil Record Geographic Distribution of Living Species Homologous Body structures Similarities in Embryology

Evidence of Evolution Fossil Record provides evidence that living things have evolved Fossils show the history of life on earth and how different groups of organisms have changed over time

Relative vs. Absolute Dating

Relative Dating Can determine a fossil’s relative age Performed by estimating fossil age compared with that of other fossils Drawbacks – provides no info about age in years

Absolute dating Can determine the absolute age in numbers Is performed by radioactive dating – based on the amount of remaining radioactive isotopes remain Drawbacks - part of the fossil is destroyed during the test

Carbon-14 Dating

Fossil Formation SG

Primate Fossils Australopithecus Homo erectus Homo sapien

Primate Brain Capacity

Primate Bone structure

Human Relatives

Australopithecus afarensis

Homo habilis = handy human 1.5 to 2 mya Homo erectus 1.6 mya Homo habilis = handy human 1.5 to 2 mya bipedal

Cro-Magnon 35,000 to 40,000 ya Neanderthals 35,000 to 100,000 ya http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/chauvet/en/

(fully modern fossils 100,000 ya) Modern Homo sapien (fully modern fossils 100,000 ya)

13. Evidence of Evolution Geographic Distribution of Living Species Similar animals in different locations were the product of different lines of descent

13. Evidence of Evolution Homologous Body Structures Turtle Homologous Body Structures Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues e.g. Wing of bat, human arm, leg of turtle Alligator Bird

Homologous Body Structures

Vestigial Organs traces of homologous organs in other species Organ that serves no useful function e.g. Appendix

13. Evidence of Evolution Similarities in Embryology In their early stages of development, chickens, turtles and rats look similar, providing evidence that they shared a common ancestry.

Embryological development