1920 1924 1928

1932 Electoral Vote 472 Popular Vote 57.4% 1936 Electoral Vote 523 Popular Vote 60.8% 1940 Electoral Vote 449 Popular Vote 54.7% 1944 Electoral Vote 432 Popular Vote 53.4%

Analyzing Electoral Maps Describe the Electoral maps during the roaring 20’s. Describe the outcome for the elections of Franklin Delano Roosevelt using electoral votes and popular votes. Based up slides 1 & 2, what conclusions can be drawn about voting in American and political party affiliation? What trends do you see? What trends changed? Based on the maps, what conclusions can be drawn about the elections and popularity of Roosevelt? Why?

World War II Erupts

How Did This Happen? Treaty of Versailles (1919) Ended World War I Created an uneasy peace in Europe Germany forced to accept guilt for starting WWI (War Guilt Clause) Germany forced to pay for rebuilding Europe (Reparations of 132 Billion Marks or $32 Billion dollars then or $442 Billion in today’s dollars which the final payment was made October 10, 2010) Splitting up of the Austria-Hungary Empire; Hitler’s homeland.

Former World War I Participants 1. Great Britain & France avoided conflict 2. United States sought to isolate itself from Europe’s troubles. New Kids On The Block 1. Germany, Italy, and Japan fell under leaders promising order and glory. - By the end of the 1930s, their aggression would plunge the world once more into war. Aggressive Leaders: Stalin of Soviet Union (Allies) Hirohito of Japan, Mussolini of Italy, and Hitler of Germany (Axis)

I. The Soviet Union (Will fight on the Allies Side) Communism – the gov’t owns everything. Communists: took control of Russia in 1923. Vladimir Lenin was the first leader of the Soviet Union. a. Died in 1924

C. Joseph Stalin: took control after Lenin 1. The Great Purge: a. Stalin had 8-13 million “enemies of the state” executed b. A total of 25 million died (including famine deaths) D. Communists (Soviet Union) and Fascists/Nazies (Italy and Germany) do not like each other. The Hammer and Sickle symbol are two tools of the industrial proletariat and the peasantry; placing them together symbolizes the unity between industrial and agricultural workers. The symbol was adopted during the Communist overthrow of Czarist (King) Russia during the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917.

II. Italy The term fascist comes from Latin meaning “a bundle of rods.” During roman times it was the symbol of strength of the state. In the Roman mind, a single rod could easily be broken unlike a bundle of rods that were tied together. Fascist – a strong centralized government headed by a powerful dictator. Benito Mussolini: Dictator of Italy and Leader of the National Fascist Party. (1922) 1. Il Duce: “the chief” 2. Considered Hitler’s puppet during WWII

III. Germany B. Adolf Hitler: becomes leader of the Nazis. A. Post – WWI Depression in Germany B. Adolf Hitler: becomes leader of the Nazis. Earliest archaeological evidence of swastika-shaped ornaments dates back to the Indus Valley Civilization of Ancient India as well as Classical Antiquity. Swastikas have also been used in other various ancient civilizations around the world. It remains widely used in Indian religions, specifically in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, primarily as a tantric symbol to evoke 'shakti' or the sacred symbol of auspiciousness. The swastika is also a Chinese character used in East Asia representing eternity and Buddhism. The word swastika came from the Sanskrit word svastika, meaning any lucky or auspicious object, and in particular a mark made on persons and things to denote auspiciousness. It is composed of su- meaning "good, well" and asti "to be" suasti thus means "well-being."

Adolf Hitler

Mein Kampf

1. Nazis – National Socialist German Worker’s Party - Take control of Germany

2. Mein Kampf (My Struggle) – - Hitler laid out the basic beliefs of Nazism.

The definition of Reich is "German State", translated in English as “empire” or “reign.” The First Reich, was known as The Holy Roman Empire (a continuation of the Roman Empire in Europe), that started in the lands ruled by Charlemagne (Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands, Belgium, Czech Republic, eastern France, Northern Italy and western Poland), with a period beginning on the 9th century and finishing in the 19th century. The Second Reich, known as The German Empire, ruled in the areas known as Prussia from 1871 to 1919, they fell with the ending of World War I. During this Reich the "Iron Chancellor" Otto Von Bismark united Germany, and set the roots for World War I. Then there was a period known as the Weimar Republic, from 1919 to 1933 (sometimes called the pre-3rd Reich). The Third Reich (from 1933 to 1945), called Nazi Germany, was under Hitler’s control. He called it the Third Reich because he thought that under his leadership Germany could reunite the old Holy Roman Empire, bringing Germany back to its glorious days. This Reich was terminated with the fall of Germany at the end of World War II. This is an interesting question because most people don't know why Hitler started World War II and what his objective was. Of course his delusional beliefs about the supremacy of the German Race and the necessity to reinstate The German Empire (that he believed was the heir of the Roman splendor) cost our world millions of life's, and his country years of poverty and suffering.

C. Nazism (3 BASIC BELIEFS) 1. Extreme Nationalism – all German-speaking people should unite. (Devotion to state) 2. “Master Race” - belief that Germans (esp. blond-haired, blue-eyed Germans) should rule the world and all other races should serve them. 3. Living Space - Germans should take land they want. Germans need room to grow and prosper. D. Third Reich (3rd German Empire) – Fascist government that replaced the German Democracy (Weimar Republic) after Hitler became Chancellor

Neutral Countries Spain Switzerland Axis Powers Germany Italy Japan Allied Powers Great Britain Soviet Union United States France + 22 others Neutral Countries Spain Switzerland

IV. Axis Aggression in Asia Manchuria (1931) – part of China 1. Japan takes Manchuria

2. League of Nations condemns Japan but. does nothing to stop it 2. League of Nations condemns Japan but does nothing to stop it. (Powerless) 3. Japan leaves the League 4. 1933 – Germany leaves the League

1. Japan attacks China again without an official declaration of war. China (July of 1937) 1. Japan attacks China again without an official declaration of war. 2. League of Nations does nothing. Japanese Flags

V. Axis Aggression in Europe Violation of the Treaty of Versailles (1935) - Germany started to build up a strong military. 1. Hitler sends German troops to the border near France and Belgium. 2. The League of Nations did nothing to stop Hitler. (Appeasement) Rome-Berlin Axis Pact - formal alliance between Italy and Germany. Ethiopia (1935) – Italy conquers Ethiopia 1. League warns Italy to stop but does not make them leave Ethiopia. (Appeasement)

1. Germany takes control of Austria Spanish Civil War (1936) - Hitler helps Francisco Franco overthrow the Spanish government. 1. Hitler gets to test out the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) 2. League of Nations does nothing. (Appeasement) 3. Spain remained neutral during WWII. Austria (1938) - Hitler forced the Austrian Chancellor to step down or else! 1. Germany takes control of Austria

Sudetenland – German-speaking part of Czechoslovakia. 1. Germany takes it in 1938 2. Munich Conference – attended by France, Great Britain and Hitler. a. Munich Pact – Hitler promises to stop his aggression. b. Winston Churchill – called this appeasement shameful. - appeasement = giving up principles to pacify an aggressor. 3. Germany takes rest of Czechoslovakia within a month. 4. Winston Churchill elected Prime Minister of Britain