Warm Up- Friday 5/16 Is there ever a time when it is okay to discriminate against a group of people? Why does discrimination exist?

The Rise of Totalitarian Regimes

Rise of Totalitarian Regimes As world-wide economic depression got worse, peoples’ lives got worse & grew frustrated Desperate for change, people turned to new leaders who offered simple solutions to complex problems Totalitarian Regime—Dictatorship form of government that controls all aspects of peoples’ lives

Rise of Totalitarian Regimes Dictators came to power by using Fascism—idea that promises return to glory for the nation, strong leadership from one leader, commitment of loyalty to government by citizens The purpose is to indoctrinate the citizens – Teach principles and ideas that are biased to one party’s opinion

Rise of Totalitarian Regimes Fascists hate democracy & communism (no classes in society, government controls all property, desire to spread ideas to other nations) but have some things in common with communists: 1 strong dictator rules Censorship, propaganda, & secret police force used to control people

Benito Mussolini in Italy Poor economic conditions and anger of “betrayal” of Versailles Treaty led to rise of Benito Mussolini Socialist & journalist prior to WWI, but became militant nationalist. Formed political party in 1919 called Fascists

Benito Mussolini in Italy Rise to power: Became popular by supporting workers & peasants & stopped communist revolution in Italy Created Blackshirts (secret police force) to enforce goals of Fascists & led a March on Rome in 1922 King Victor Emmanuel was intimidated by Mussolini & named him Prime Minister (Il Duce)

Benito Mussolini in Italy As dictator, Mussolini consolidated power by ending democratic rule, strengthened military, spread patriotism & nationalism

Invasion of Ethiopia Mussolini set out to make Italy strong military power Looked for easy target, settled on Ethiopia Ethiopia had two serious disadvantages, located between two Italian colonies, military ill-equipped; Italian forces crushed Ethiopia, 1935

League of Nations is Useless Ethiopian leader Haile Selassie appealed to League to take action against Italy’s aggression No nation willing to get involved, to risk another world war League placed weak economic sanctions on Italy, took no real action

Russia Under Stalin Lenin had plan to revitalize Russia—but he died in 1924 Trotsky & Josef Stalin fought for control; Stalin won Stalin announced 5-Year Plan to bring agriculture & industry under control

Stalin- 5 Year Plan Government makes major decisions about production of goods – Command Economy Differs from capitalist economic system, where market forces are major influences on production Plans did lead to increases in Soviet industrial output During first two Five-Year Plans, oil production doubled, coal and steel production quadrupled Demands on Soviet workers were high

Russia Under Stalin Stalin’s plans helped increase agriculture & industry Established Comintern to encourage the spread of Communist governments throughout the world – League of nations for communists

Stalin’s Soviet Union Political Purges Stalin, absolute power, but feared people plotting against him Began campaign called Great Purge, to get rid of people, things undesirable During Great Purge, thousands executed, sent to the Gulag

Cult of Personality Portraits of Stalin decorated public places, creating heroic, idealized image Streets, towns renaming in Stalin’s honor, created cult of personality By ruthlessly removing opposition, Stalin gained stranglehold over society

Collectivization and Famine Stalin believed millions of small, individually owned Soviet farms would be more productive if combined into larger, mechanized farms Combining small farms into large government owned farms called collectivization Stalin tried to take land back given to peasants after Russian Revolution Increase Farm Input Peasants resisted, Stalin responded violently Executed thousands, sent more to Siberian system of labor camps, called the Gulag Resistance continued, particularly in the Ukraine Stalin refused to send food during 1932 famine; millions starved to death Peasant Reaction

Adolf Hitler in Germany One of many groups challenging Weimar Republic was fascist group called National Socialist Workers’ Party (NAZIs); Hitler was an early recruit Formed Brownshirts (secret police) to enforce ideas

Adolf Hitler in Germany Jailed in 1923 for trying to overthrow Weimar government; wrote Mein Kampf in prison: Blamed Jews for problems Saw himself as leader (Fuhrer) of master Aryan race Lebenstraum—need to spread out & gain living space for Germans

Adolf Hitler in Germany Rise to power: Reorganized NAZI party after release from jail & made speeches promoting NAZI party; ran NAZIs in elections but never won majority vote Hitler was feared by Weimar Republic, thought they could satisfy Hitler by naming him chancellor in 1933

Society under Hitler Began to rebuild German military Improved German economy Strict wage controls, massive government spending, reduced unemployment Much spending for rearmament Also new public buildings, roads

Adolf Hitler in Germany As dictator, Hitler removed political opponents: Started fire in Reichstag government building & blamed on Communists In 1934, Night of Long Knives— Hitler had hundreds of his own secret police murdered Called government Third Reich— restore German army & pride

Adolf Hitler in Germany Attacks on Jews: Hitler used anti-Semitism (hatred & hostility towards Jews) & blamed Jews for all of Germany’s problems In 1935, Hitler passed Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of German citizenship; all Jews were required to wear yellow star of David as identification

Adolf Hitler in Germany Attacks on Jews: Kristallnacht: “The Night of Broken Glass”- A series of coordinated attacks against Jews throughout Germany on November 9-10, 1938 At least 100 Jews killed with another 30,000+ arrested and sent to concentration camps Over 1,000 synagogues were burned Over 7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed or damaged The beginning of the Holocaust, Hitler’s “Final Solution”

Hideki Tojo in Japan Japan felt the West did not accept it as an equal even though its population & industry boomed in 1920s Dreamed of large empire to expand with lots of natural resources—1931 invaded Manchuria, 1937 invaded China

Hideki Tojo in Japan Tojo was fascist, nationalistic, and militaristic Militarism grew—Emperor Hirohito relied on Hideki Tojo to reorganized military. Emperor Hirohito of Japan ruled throughout the war General Hideki Tojo held dictatorial power from October 1941 to July 1944

Anti-Comintern Pact Japan, Germany agreed to work together to oppose spread of communism Each promised to come to aid of other in case of Soviet Union attack Italy joined pact, 1937 1936

Totalitarian Aggression Japan: 1931—invaded Manchuria & northern China; 1940— invaded Indochina & East Indies Italy: 1936—occupied Ethiopia; 1941—invaded Egypt & Greece Germany: 1938—annex Austria & Czechoslovakia,1939—invade Poland USSR: 1941— occupied Lithuania, Latvia, & Estonia

Alliance Formed Axis Coalition formed— treaties between Italy, Germany, and Japan (1936 to 1940) to offer mutual protection & support if ever involved in war