World History Mr.Nichol Introduction to WWII World History Mr.Nichol

A. War Costs Quick Facts (write 2-3) US Debt 1940 - $9 billion US Debt 1945 - $98 billion The war cost $330 billion -- 10 times the cost of WWI & as much as all previous federal spending since 1776

Quick Facts (write 2-3) B. Human Costs

B. Human Costs Quick Facts (write 2-3) 50 million people died (compared to 15 million in WWI) 21.3 million Russians (7.7 million civilians) 11 million died as a result of the HOLOCAUST (6 million Jews + 5 million others)

When? 1939-1945 US involvement 1941-1945 1939 1941 1945 Sept.1 - Germany invades Poland (official start to the war) Sept. 3 -Britain & France declare war on Germany Dec. 7 – Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; US enters the War May - Germans Surrender Sept. - Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki, Japanese Surrender

Axis Allies Who? (major powers) (major powers) Great Britain Russia Germany United States France (note: France surrendered to Germany in 1940 (after 6 weeks of fighting) Italy Japan

Major Leaders Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany Benito Mussolini Italy

The Rise of Totalitarian Leaders Name three things that Mussolini and Hitler had in Common? The Rise of Totalitarian Leaders Outraged by the Treaty of Versailles Dynamic speakers Strong leaders Stressed nationalism Used political skills and violence when necessary to gain power. Glorified by citizens Totalitarian Dictators Leaders who reflected the people’s bitterness and anger emerged. These leaders promised a return to greatness.

Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini led the Italian government by 1922. His vision of a strong, orderly Italy was appealing He founded the National Fascist Party. Fascism stressed the glory of the state—the rights and concerns of individuals were of little importance. Had total control over daily life in a totalitarian regime

Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler was an Austrian who entered German politics because he was angry over the Treaty of Versailles. Tried to seize power in Germany by force in 1923; revolt failed and he was sent to prison. From prison, wrote Mein Kampf—a book that outlined his political ideas. Believed in the racial superiority of the German people Blamed the Jews for many of Germany’s problems

Adolf Hitler Hitler became Germany’s chancellor in 1933. Set up a totalitarian dictatorship Secretly began to build up the German military

Other Totalitarian Regimes Spain Soviet Union Japan Joseph Stalin—Soviet Union Hideki Tojo--Japan

Soviet Union Communism and fascism represent opposite political extremes. Yet, under Joseph Stalin, communism was similar to fascism. He crushed all political opposition. Stalin dominated all areas of Soviet life. One of the era’s most notorious totalitarian dictators

Joseph Stalin Stalin focused on creating a model Communist state in the Soviet Union by making agricultural and industrial restructuring. In 1927 he got rid of all private enterprise especially private farming. He forced Russia’s peasants to give up their small plots of land to form large state-owned farms. His second main goal was to turn the Soviet Union into a great industrial power.

More Stalin He turned the Soviet Union into a police state—a state in which no one was safe from the prying eyes and ears of Stalin’s spies and secret police. Anyone even suspected of talking bad about the government or Stalin was shipped to Siberia to work. During the great purge of the 1930s tens of thousands of Communist Party officials, bureaucrats, and army officers were branded “enemies of the people” and were executed. Historians believe that Stalin was responsible for between 8 million to 13 million deaths.

Major Leaders Hideki Tojo Winston Churchill Japanese Prime Minister British Prime Minister

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Major Leaders Joseph Stalin Russian Leader Franklin Delano Roosevelt US President

Why? (underlying causes of WWII) 1. Treaty of Versailles A. Germany lost land to surrounding nations B. War Reparations 1) Allies collect $ to pay back war debts to U.S. 2) Germany must pay $57 trillion (modern equivalent) 3) Bankrupted the German economy & embarrassed Germans Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson during negotiations for the Treaty

Why? (underlying causes of WWII) 2. World-wide Depression A. The Depression made Germany’s debt even worse B. Desperate people turn to desperate leaders 1) Hitler seemed to provide solutions to Germany’s problems 1923 - Wallpapering with German Deutchmarks

German Hyperinflation Europe after WWI One American dollar could buy about 9 German marks in 1919. By 1923, some 300 paper mills and 2,000 printing presses were working around the clock to print money. World War I caused the deaths of millions and the destruction of numerous cities and farms. The European economy was in ruins. Germany was most affected by the Treaty of Versailles. Prices rose extremely fast. One customer at a café ordered a cup of coffee at 5,000 marks. By the time he ordered his second, the price had risen to 7,000 marks. A typical loaf of bread cost about 1 mark in 1920. By November 1, 1923 that bread might cost 3 billion marks. Two weeks later it would have risen to 80 billion marks.

Why? (underlying causes of WWII) 2. World-wide Depression 2) Hitler provided scapegoats for Germany’s problems (foreigners, Jews, communists, Roma (Gypsies), mentally ill, homosexuals) 3) Kristallnacht - vandalism & destruction of Jewish property & synagogues

Why? 3. Rise of Totalitarian Regimes A. In a Totalitarian country, individual rights are not viewed as important as the needs of the nation Communist Dictatorship (USSR) Fascist Dictatorship (Germany, Italy) Totalitarianism Fascism: military government with based on racism & nationalism with strong support from the business community Military Dictatorship (Japan)

Why? 4. Isolationism of Major Powers A. Why was the U.S. Isolationist? 1. Great Depression (problems at home) 2. Perceptions of WWI a. WWI did not seem to solve much b. People began to think that we’d got into WWI for the wrong reasons (greedy American businessmen!)

Why? 4. Isolationism of Major Powers 3. Opposition to war (Pacifism) a. Washington Conference - Limits on size of country's navies b. Kellogg-Briand pact - condemned war as a way to solving conflicts

Why? 4. Isolationism of Major Powers B. This led to policies of “Appeasement” 1. Appeasement: give dictators what they want and hope that they won’t want anything else 2. Begins with Japanese invasion of Manchuria, Italian invasion of Ethiopia, and continues with Hitler . . .

The Rhineland How did Hitler Justify rebuilding Germany’s Military? He said that he was helping stop the spread of communism. Germany could not have troops in an area of the Rhine River valley along the French border. This was meant to protect France against a possible German invasion. Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland in 1936. Why do you think the British were so eager to avoid war that they allowed Hitler to violate the Treaty of Versailles and international law? Devastation of WWI. Determination to avoid another war. Maintain peace. Thought each violation would be the last one.

The Anschluss In 1938 Hitler tried to unite the ethnic Germans of Austria with those of Germany. He tried to force the Austrian government to agree to Anschluss union with Germany When the Austrian government refused, Hitler sent troops into the country. No one stopped Hitler.

The Sudetenland Hitler began plans to gain control of a German-speaking portion of Czechoslovakia. He encouraged the Germans in the area to protest the Czech government and then threatened a military attack. Neville Chamberlain and others allowed Hitler to annex the Sudetenland.

So What Was Hitler Asking For? Return of German Speaking Lands - “Lebensraum” Austria - Peacefully Annexed in 1938 German Troops Parade in Streets of Czechoslovakian Town, ca. 1939

So What Was Hitler Asking For? Return of German Speaking Lands - “Lebensraum” Sudentenland - (now part of Czech Republic) Munich Conference - Great Britain & France give to Hitler in return for peace Hitler then invades the rest of Czechoslovakia German Troops Parade in Streets of Czechoslovakian Town, ca. 1939

So What Was Hitler Asking For? Return of German Speaking Lands Nonaggression Pact Russia stays out of the war in return for 1/2 of Poland Great Britain & France finally declare war on Germany Hitler's triumphal entry into Danzig, Poland 1939

How Did Hitler Make War? Blitzkrieg “Lightning War” In the next year, Hitler invades: Denmark Norway The Netherlands, France Hitler in Paris

US Assistance Roosevelt provided aid to the Allies: Lend-Lease - 1939 US “lent” war materials to cash-strapped Great Britain Atlantic Charter US secretly meets with England to commit to defeating Germany London Firefighter Tackles an Air Raid Blaze

Meanwhile … in the Pacific Pearl Harbor: “a date which will live in infamy” What? Surprise attack by the Japanese on American forces in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Effect? US declares war on Japan & other Axis powers USS Arizona Sinking in Pearl Harbor