Chapter 28 APUSH Mrs. Price “All that is necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing.” - Edmund Burke

American Morale High after Pearl Harbor Voluntary enlistments common

Major Battles of WWII War in Europe

Battle of Stalingrad Sept 1942 – Jan 1943 Turning point of war in Europe Russians defeat Germans

Operation Torch Oct 1942 Invasion of North Africa Commanders: Rommel (Germany); Montgomery (Britain); Eisenhower & Patton (US) Germans surrendered May 1943 in Tunisia

Attack Hitler’s “soft underbelly”

Allied Invasion of Italy July 1943 Mussolini forced to resign Italy surrenders Sept 1943; declares war on Germany Russians not invited to participate in surrender

Normandy Invasion D-Day/Operation Overlord June 6, 1944 200,000 Allied troops under command of Eisenhower land on French coast German defenses had been softened by heavy bombardment Allies broke through German lines & pushed inland

D-Day Invasion

Operation Anvil Aug 15, 1944 Allied invasion of Southern France Goal: advance to Paris & meet troops from Operation Overlord Paris liberated Aug 25, 1944

Battle of the Bulge Dec 1944 Last major German offensive in Ardennes forest of Belgium Allies regain original position in Jan 1945; begin to push toward Germany

End of War in Europe Eastern Front: Russian troops march through Poland & head toward Berlin Western Front: American & British forces cross the Rhine March 1945 April 12: FDR dies; Truman becomes president April 28: Mussolini assassinated April 30: Hitler commits suicide

V-E Day (May 8) May 7, 1945: Germany surrenders

War in the Pacific Allied strategy: win in Europe first

Assault on the Philippines MacArthur (US) Dec 8, 1941: Japan begins aerial attacks; Dec 22: 43,000 troops land; US defense unsuccessful US pushed back to Bataan – surrendered April 8, 1942

10,000 died on 65 mile march to POW camps Bataan Death March 10,000 died on 65 mile march to POW camps

Bombing of Tokyo (April 1942)

Battle of Coral Sea May 1942 Stopped Japanese drive towards Australia

Battle of Midway June 3, 1942 Operation Magic US forces attack Japanese fleet; destroy naval power US commander: Nimitz Turning point of war in Pacific: Allies now on offensive

American Offensive Battle of Guadacanal (July 1942 – Feb 1943) : Japan gives up island; first taste of jungle warfare Battles in Gilberts, Marshalls, & Marianas (1943-44)

End of the War in the Pacific Island hopping: 1943 & 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea (June 1944): US victory Battle of the Leyte Gulf (Oct 1944): MacArthur returns to the Philippines Largest naval battle in history Manila taken in Feb 1945

Iwo Jima & Okinawa (1945)

Bombing of Tokyo May 23, 1945 83,000 died

Manhattan Project Secret plan to develop the atomic bomb (Began Aug 1942) Robert Oppenheimer Fat Man & Little Boy

Hiroshima Aug 6, 1945 130,000 died immediately

Nagasaki Aug 9, 1945 60,000 killed

V-J Day Aug 13, 1945: Japan surrenders V-J Day (Sept 2)

Why the Atomic Bomb was Used To end war quickly To save US lives – vs. invasion of Japan To serve as a deterrent

War at Home Economic Recovery Increased federal spending Incomes grew Personal savings grew

Development of the West To serve the needs of the military Transformed region’s economy

Soldiers

War Created a Labor Shortage 15 million men & women in armed forces Brought new workers into work force Increased union membership (maintenance-of-membership agreement) Also put restrictions on unions (no strike pledge)

Fear of Inflation Leads to Govt Action Anti-Inflation Act (1942): govt could freeze prices, wages, rents Office of Price Administration: rationed scarce consumer goods

Financing the War 1941-1945: $321 billion Half $ raised by selling bonds Rest by income taxes

War Production War Production Board (1942): not very effective – became Office of War Mobilization Mass production gave US advantage

African Americans & the War FDR created Fair Employment Practices Commission: to investigate discrimination in war industries CORE (Congress of Racial Equality): sit-ins Better treatment in military

Native Americans & the War 25,000 served in military Code-talkers Many young left reservation – jobs, military service

Mexican-Americans & the War Bracero program (1942): Mexicans could work in US for a limited time Zoot Suit Riots (June 1943)

Japanese Americans & the War 127,000 – most in CA (Issei & Nisei) Feb 1942: FDR authorized internment (War Relocation Authority) Camps were harsh; some were allowed to work, go to college 1944: Korematsu v. US: relocation is constitutional 1988: Reparations to survivors

Executive 9066

Chinese Americans & the War Status improved during war 1943: Congress repealed Chinese Exclusion Act

Social Changes Women in work force increased Juvenile crime increased Rosie the Riveter WACs & WAVEs Juvenile crime increased Marriage, birth rates increased

7 Future American Presidents Served in World War II

WW II Casualties Civilians only. Army and navy figures. Country Men in war Battle deaths Wounded Australia 1,000,000 26,976 180,864 Austria 800,000 280,000 350,117 Belgium 625,000 8,460 55,5131 Brazil2 40,334 943 4,222 Bulgaria 339,760 6,671 21,878 Canada 1,086,3437 42,0427 53,145 China3 17,250,521 1,324,516 1,762,006 Czechoslovakia — 6,6834 8,017 Denmark 4,339 Finland 500,000 79,047 50,000 France 201,568 400,000 Germany 20,000,000 3,250,0004 7,250,000 Greece 17,024 47,290 Hungary 147,435 89,313 India 2,393,891 32,121 64,354 Italy 3,100,000 149,4964 66,716 Japan 9,700,000 1,270,000 140,000 Netherlands 6,500 2,860 New Zealand 194,000 11,6254 17,000 Norway 75,000 2,000 Poland 664,000 530,000 Romania 650,0005 350,0006 South Africa 410,056 2,473 U.S.S.R. 6,115,0004 14,012,000 United Kingdom 5,896,000 357,1164 369,267 United States 16,112,566 291,557 670,846 Yugoslavia 3,741,000 305,000 425,000 WW II Casualties Civilians only. Army and navy figures. Figures cover period July 7, 1937 to Sept. 2, 1945, and concern only Chinese regular troops. They do not include casualties suffered by guerrillas and local military corps. Deaths from all causes. Against Soviet Russia; 385,847 against Nazi Germany. Against Soviet Russia; 169,822 against Nazi Germany. National Defense Ctr., Canadian Forces Hq., Director of History.