MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION I TYPES OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS SOFIA SEBASTIAN

TYPES OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES TYPES OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES LOAD BEARING MASONRY WALL CONSTRUCTION LIGHT GAUGE STEEL STRUCTURES WOOD FRAMED CONSTRUCTION WOOD FRAMED CONSTRUCTION STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES LOAD BEARING MASONRY WALL CONSTRUCTION LIGHT GAUGE STEEL STRUCTURES

CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES reinforced cement concrete, or RCC RCC is concrete that contains steel bars, called reinforcement bars, or rebars.. Good combination because concrete is very strong in compression and steel is very strong in tension formwork pouring in the liquid concrete into the formwork The concrete will become hard in a matter of hours, but takes a month to reach its full strength steel reinforcement bars, and ties them in place using wire..the tied steel is called a reinforcement cage During this time the concrete must be cured, or supplied with water on its surface prepare the concrete, by mixing cement, sand, stone chips in a range of sizes, and water in a cement mixer

Dead Loads Wind Loads Live Loads Earthquake Loads This frame of columns and beams are tied together and becomes very strong. The structural frame resist the various loads that act on a building Dead Loads Live Loads Wind Loads Earthquake loads Dead Loads downwards force weight of the building  including the structural elements, walls, facades, Wind Loads Horizontal force for tall buildings buildings with large surface area Live Loads downwards force occupants and their possessions, including furniture, books, Earthquake Loads Horizontal force

Shear walls very large columns 400mm thick by 3m long making them appear like walls rather than columns Horizontal forces and vertical loads Elevator boxes vertical boxes for elevators good structural elements for horizontal loads and vertical loads.

WALLS IN CONCRETE FRAME BUILDINGS CLADDING OF CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES Concrete frame structures are strong and economical, so any walling materials can be used.. heavier options -  masonry walls of brick, concrete block, or stone strong, secure, and sound-proof enclosures brick or concrete blocks - plaster the entire surface with cement plaster to form a hard, long-lasting finish lighter options - drywall partitions made of light steel or wood studs covered with sheeting material quick, flexible lightweight partitions Common cladding materials are glass, aluminum panels, stone sheets, and ceramic facades. brick or stone.

LOAD BEARING MASONRY WALL CONSTRUCTION from the 1700s to the mid-1900s it consists of heavy brick or stone walls that support horizontal floor slabs rarely used today for large buildings smaller residential-scale structures consists of thick, heavy masonry walls of brick or stone that support the entire structure horizontal floor slabs made of reinforced concrete, wood, or steel members.  Concrete block brick Stone block

LOAD BEARING MASONRY WALL CONSTRUCTION every wall acts as a load carrying element cannot punch many holes wall had a simple continuous strip foundation below it WHY IS LOAD BEARING WALL CONSTRUCTION NOT USED TODAY? It does not perform very well in earthquakes extremely labor-intensive - made by hand; very slow construction speeds extremely material-intensive - lot of bricks; very heavy; not green

STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES Mild steel  Very strong Flexibility - can bend without cracking Plasticity or ductility - When subjected to great force, it will not suddenly crack like glass, but slowly bend out of shape WHERE STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES ARE USED High rise buildings because of its strength, low weight, and speed of construction Industrial buildings because of its ability to create large span spaces at low cost Residential buildings in a technique called light gauge steel construction Temporary Structures as these are quick to set up and remove quickly loses its strength in a fire 500 °C -  lose almost half its strength collapse of the World Trade Towers in 2001

ADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURES super-quick to build at site - pre-fabrication at the factory. flexible - very good at resisting dynamic (changing) forces such as wind or earthquake forces. wide range of ready-made structural sections available, C, and angle sections any kind of shape and clad with any type of material wide range of joining methods is available, such as bolting, welding, and riveting

DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURES They lose strength at high temperatures, and are susceptible to fire. They are prone to corrosion in humid or marine environments. welding bolting riveting

TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION  WOOD FRAME CONSTRUCTION Characteristics light, and allows quick construction with no heavy tools or equipment main tool is a handheld nail gun adapt itself to any geometric shape clad with a variety of materials not highly fireproof not strong enough to resist major wind events such as tornadoes and hurricanes Studs are vertical wooden members within the walls. Joists are the horizontal wooden beams that support the floors. Rafters are the sloping wooden beams that support the roof. Sheathing are the sheets that are nailed over the studs to connect them securely and form the wall surfaces. Siding is the exterior cladding that covers the walls from the outside

TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION PLATFORM FRAME STRUCTURES Balloon frame structures Steps to building the Platform frame structures Erect the ground floor platform, a horizontal wooden platform over the foundation. Build all the walls upto a height of one storey. This can easily be done by building each wall flat - on the floor platform - and then tilting it vertically. Build the next floor platform. Erect the next set of vertical walls in the same manner on the top of the second platform. Build the sloping roof over the walls.

LIGHT GAUGE STEEL CONSTRUCTION very similar to wood framed construction wooden framing members are replaced with thin steel sections  cold formed sections - sections are formed, or given shape at room temperature Cold formed steel is shaped by guiding thin sheets of steel through a series of rollers, each roller changing the shape very slightly, with the net result of converting a flat sheet of steel into a C or S-shaped section. steel coated with zinc (called galvanized) or a mixture of zinc and aluminum to protect it from corrosion.

LIGHT GAUGE STEEL CONSTRUCTION Like in wooden framed construction, a frame of steel members is first constructed, and then clad with dry sheeting on both sides to form a load bearing wall. Construction with steel follows the platform frame system of house building. Connections between members are made with self tapping self drilling screws pre-punched sections - sections with factory-made holes in them - wires and plumbing The gaps between members are filled with insulation. non-structural framing, such as interior partitions or external cladding

ADVANTAGES OF LIGHT GAUGE STEEL CONSTRUCTION They are light, and allow quick construction The main tool is a light, handheld screw gun without heavy tools or equipment higher strength allows greater spacing between members able to shape itself to any form, and can be clad and insulated with a wide range of materials change or modify this construction during its life span non-combustible do not rot, shrink, warp, or decompose like wood structures, and can be used in areas where there is a probability of termite attack DISADVANTAGES OF LIGHT GAUGE STEEL CONSTRUCTION allow the passage of sound more readily than the more solid masonry construction will lose strength in the advent of fire. Clad the steel with fire rated sheeting or drywall