Notepack # 39 Aim: How can we group organisms that have similar characteristics? Taxonomy- The Science of Classification Do Now: Look at the 3 organisms on the board. construct a Venn diagram showing similarities among the organisms.

What is Taxonomy? Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms. At least 1.7 million species of living organisms have been discovered. It is estimated that there are over 100-million organisms living on the Earth. New organisms are discovered all the time. Taxonomy allows scientist to categorize organisms and put them in some kind of order so that the organisms can be easier to find in a data base and easier to study

How do you categorize organisms? Taxonomy begins by grouping organisms based on certain characteristics. The groups are further separated based on other characteristics that are not shared by all organisms. This step is further repeated until groups of organism become unique with specific characteristic that is shared with a few organisms.

These are all animals, but how can we separate them into smaller groups that have specific characteristics?

Fishes Reptiles Mammals

Mammals 4 Legs 2 Legs and 2 “Arms”

2 Legs and 2 “Arms” Have Tails Have No Tails

Have No Tails Lives in the Trees Lives on the Ground

Animals Mammals Reptiles 2 Legs and 2 Arms 4 Legs Fishes Legs No Legs Tails No Tails Fresh water Salt water No Shell Shell On Ground In trees

How does taxonomy show relationships? Phylogenetic Tree- is a graphic interpretation showing the grouping of individuals based on common traits. It also should points where there is a separation between individuals based on subtle differences. Lines represent connections between groups. Where the lines of two items meet, is the place of common ancestry. The closer the lines intersect, the more closely the items are related. The further the more distant.

Which animal is more closely related to the primate Which animal is more closely related to the primate? The rabbit or the crocodile?

Which animal is more closely related to the Brachiopods Which animal is more closely related to the Brachiopods? The crustaceans or the worms?

2 3 4 5 1 10 8 9 7 6 14 11 12 15 13 18 19 20 21 17 22 25 26 24 23

11 4 3 9 2 1 14 10 24 25 5 21 18 8 17 15 20 22 13 23 12 19 26 6 7

Kingdoms Kingdoms are the largest category of living things. There are five kingdoms: Monera—have no nuclei; bacteria and blue-green algae Protista—one-celled organisms that have a nuclei Fungi—multicellular; parasites or saprophytes that live off of other living things and have nuclei Plants—multicellular; make their own food Animal—multicellular; cannot make their own food

Kingdoms Single celled organism- Ameba, paramecium Protista Fungi Plant Animal Monera Kingdoms Single celled organism- Ameba, paramecium Bacteria & Non-nucleated organisms Fish, Amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals Green plants, Trees Mushroom, Fungus & Mold

Phylum The second largest category is called phylums. There are many phylums but for this class we’ll only talk about the animal phylums: vertebrates and invertebrates. Vertebrates are animals with backbones. Phylum: Chordata Invertebrate have no backbone. Phylum: Invertebrates

Class Class is the third largest group. There are five major classes of vertebrates: Fish – Cold-blooded, Scales, Fins, Gills, Lays eggs Amphibians - Breath through gills, lungs, or skin, Lay eggs in water, Begin life by breathing through gills and later develop lungs. Reptiles- Cold-blooded, Covered with scales, Air-breathing, Most lay eggs, but some can give birth Birds- Warm blooded, feathers, Lay eggs, wings and most can fly Beaks with no teeth Mammals - Have fur or hair, Warm-blooded, Give birth to live young, Produce milk for young.

Class Fishes Amphibians Reptiles Mammals Birds Classes of Vertebrates

Order, Family, Genus and Species Order and then family continue to separate into smaller and smaller categories. Primates, Marsupialia. Rodentia,

Family, Genus and Species names get even more specific Family, Genus and Species names get even more specific. The Genus will generally tell you what type of animal it is (bear, dog, cat, etc.) The Species tells exactly which kind of animal it is (panda bear, polar bear, grizzly bear, or black bear)

Kingdoms Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kingdoms are the most general of the categories. They contain the most organisms Kingdoms - there are 5 Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species are the most specific of the categories. They contain the least amount of organisms. Species

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