Chapter 28 Revolutions in Living, 1900-1950

Rickshaw Traffic Rickshaw Traffic. Invented in 1869, the rickshaw transformed urban life in East Asia and the lands bordering on the Indian Ocean. p778

New Technology Outside the Industrial World Urbanization Rise of non-European cities Innovations and expansion: rickshaws Electricity New Media Radio, film and photography

Chronology from 1900-1940 Empty cell Technology India Africa Latin America 1900 1869 Rickshaw invented in Japan 1903 Wright brothers fly first airplane 1907 Bakelite, first plastic, invented 1912 first feature-length movie in India 1913 Henry Ford introduces assembly-line production 1915-1920 Women gain vote in Norway, Russia, Canada, Germany, Britain, and United States 1905 Viceroy Curzon splits Bengal; mass demonstrations 1906 Muslims found All-India Muslim League 1911 British transfer capital from Calcutta to Delhi 1900s Railroads connect ports to the interior 1912 African National Congress founded 1920 1920 Commercial radio begins in United States 1923 Margaret Sanger opens first birth control clinic 1925 Commercial radio begins in Japan 1919 Amritsar Massacre 1929 Gandhi leads Walk to the Sea 1920s J. E. Casely Hayford organizes political movement in British West Africa 1928 Plutarco Elias Calles founds Mexico's National Revolutionary Party 1930 1932 Empire State Building opens 1936 Olympic games in Berlin 1930s Gandhi calls for independence; he is repeatedly arrested 1939 British bring India into World War II 1939-1945 A million Africans serve in World War II 1930-1945 Getulio Vargas, dictator of Brazil 1934-1940 Lazaro Cardenas, president of Mexico 1938 Cardenas national­izes Mexican oil industry; Vargas proclaims Estado Novo in Brazil 1940 1940 Muhammad Ali Jinnah demands a separate nation for Muslims 1947 Partition and independence of India and Pakistan  Empty cell 1943 Juan Peron leads mili­tary coup in Argentina 1946 Peron elected presi­dent of Argentina Description of the table: A chronology of technology, India, Africa, and Latin America from 1900 to 1940 p781

Bell Pavilion in Nara, Japan Bell Pavilion in Nara, Japan. The Bell Pavilion at the Todai-ji Temple in Nara houses the biggest bell in Japan, cast in 752. Like all wooden buildings in Japan, the pavilion itself has been rebuilt several times, most recently in 1966–1967. p782

Lumière Brothers Camera Lumière Brothers Camera. In this simple and lightweight early model turning the crank caused the chain drive to pull the film in front of the lens from a roll suspended above the device. The larger the roll of film (not shown), the longer the resulting movie. p783

Rural Japan Before World War I Rural Japan Before World War I. This village scene from Japan reflects the taste for landscapes and ordinary life typical of the earliest photographers in Japan, both European and Japanese. The popularity of such scenes in earlier colored woodcuts may have influenced the choice of such subjects. p784

New Ways of Living in the Industrial World Identity Passports, licenses and fingerprints Women’s Lives Suffrage movements and the vote Social reform movements Revolution in the Sciences: The New Physics Quanta, relativity and Einstein The New Social Sciences Freud, Picasso, Dada

New Ways of Living in the Industrial World (continued) New Technologies and Activities Aviation Health and Hygiene Spectator sports Technology and the environment Skyscrapers Suburban sprawl Los Angeles

First Aluminum Airplane First Aluminum Airplane. From the Wright Brothers’ first aircraft in 1903 down to the air battles of World War I, wood, cloth, and wire made up the wings and bodies of airplanes. Metals were too heavy for anything but engines and weapons until the German manufacturer Hugo Junkers designed the first aluminum flying machine, shown here, in 1917. p787

Bakelite Jewelry Bakelite Jewelry. This pioneering plastic was so attractive that it was made into jewelry. However, its ease of manufacture, hardness, and resistance to electricity, heat, and chemicals suited it to thousands of other uses from clarinets to wire insulation to kitchenware. During World War II it was even considered as a replacement for the copper penny. p789

A New India, 1905–1947 The Land and the People Population and social divisions British Rule and Indian Nationalism Indian Civil Service Indian National Congress / Muslim League Mahatma Gandhi and Militant Nonviolence Satyagraha and mass resistance

The Partition of India, 1947 Map 28.1: The Partition of India, 1947. Before the British, India was divided among many states, ethnic groups, and religions. When the British left in 1947, the subcontinent split along religious lines. The predominantly Muslim regions in the northwest and East Bengal in the east formed the new nation of Pakistan. The predominantly Hindu center became the Republic of India. Jammu and Kashmir remained disputed territories and poisoned relations between the two new countries. © Cengage Learning Map 28.1 p790

World Commercial Map, 1920 World Commercial Map, 1920. The primacy of Great Britain in the world of commerce shows up in the table detailing the distribution of the world’s wealth and in the steamship lines linking Britain to the United States and to India by way of the Mediterranean. Railroads in South America and Africa were designed to facilitate exports rather than unify the continents. p792

Gandhi’s Salt March to the Sea Gandhi’s Salt March to the Sea. Mohandas Gandhi, bareheaded and more simply dressed than his followers, led a march of 80 miles to collect sea salt in an act of civil disobedience. News photographs like this played a key role in popularizing his cause and displaying his saintly habits. To his left one man carries a sitar and another has a drum hanging from his shoulder. p793

A New India, 1905–1947 (continued) India Moves Toward Independence British concessions J. Nehru Partition and Independence M.A. Jinnah India and Pakistan violent partition

Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, 1917–1949 The Cardenas Reforms The Transformation of Argentina Oligarquia and economic elites Brazil and Argentina, to 1929 The Depression and the Vargas Regime in Brazil Depression and authoritarian rule Argentina After 1930 Rise and fall of the Perons

Getulio Vargas Getulio Vargas. Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo (“New State”), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization and helped the urban poor but did little to alleviate the problems of the peasants. p798

Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900–1945 Colonial Africa: Economic and Social Changes Continuity of colonial model Religious and Political Changes Christianity and Islam Africa and the New Media

Making Palm Oil Making Palm Oil. Oil palms produce two products, a red palm oil squeezed from the pulpy fruit and a yellow palm kernel oil extracted from the fruit’s seeds with a simple press. Because it stands up well to heat, it is widely used as a cooking oil and is a major export crop in West Africa and other tropical regions. p800

A Quranic School A Quranic School. In Muslim countries, religious education is centered on learning to read, write, and recite the Quran, the sacred book of the Islamic religion, in the original Arabic. This picture shows boys in a Libyan madrasa (Quranic school) studying writing and religion. p801