Automation Technologies and Trends for Smarter Homes and Buildings Day 2 - Architecture Overviews 5/21/2013 By Jon Gabay

Recap Yesterday We Learned: Automation is already being used around us and we are getting benefits from it. Any type of structure can use automated element to increase efficiency. Services automated functions can provide span from comfort and luxury to life saving and property protection. Most automated functions are discrete functional blocks. These blocks operate as timed, asynchronous, reactionary, and timed. Costs and resource limitations are forcing changes going forward. New technologies must cohabitate seamlessly with each other and with people.

Cheap Hardware When looking to deploy automation, cost per node is a key factor. If you count up the number of switches, outlets, lights, fans, appliances, computers, entertainment systems, and so on, that is a lot of hardware. Each Node has its own commands, data structures, functionality, and reactions. 3

Technology Must Be Simple To Understand And Use People don’t want a 4 year study program to be able to use technology. MUST BE INTUITIVE Trend has been more complex functionality. Noisy program screens, too many options. Small fonts, screens, tight spacing can deter. Like a 10 page menu at fancy restaurant 4

Why Hasn’t It Taken Off Automation Technology Must Be Taken To Heart -- We must adapt On Demand Living Must Shift Resource Conscious way of Thinking Co-Generation and Combined Functions Better Designs of Appliances for Energy 5

If We Don’t We Will Be Forced To Legislative Mandates Have Already Affected Us Auto Fuel Efficiency Standards Save Fuel Refrigeration standards imposed by California eliminated need for multiple power plants and created better and cheaper refrigerators 6

Smart Grid Will Make us Change The national deployment of ‘smart meters’ and the ‘smart grid’ will force us to change our habits and the technology in our homes and buildings. Higher cost for power during daytime hours Peak demand load restrictions Smarter load demands, cycled services Intelligent sensitivity to changing power conditions Critical and medical systems keep alive 7

Structural Limitations There are many more existing buildings than are being built. Any automation technology that will become the widely adopted standard will need to seamlessly integrate into existing building. Existing high voltage wiring has no signaling. Wired interconnect expensive installation. Existing Cat5 infrastructure may be there. Powerline and wireless have their place. 8

We want control of our own space. In Our Own Space We want control of our own space. Systems must be ‘unified’, able to interoperate, play by a standard set of rules and restrictions, and be personalized. The concept of central control becomes zone oriented. A controller must be remote controllable by a superior. A controller must react differently to different users. The intelligence is moving into the structure. 9

Architecting the Structure Power is key factor. Appliances and AC wired devices have access to power in most cases. Sensors, motion detectors, security systems, etc will need power wires, energy harvesting, or energy storage. If wires can be run, a low voltage wired node can be the most reliable, lowest cost, and most flexible solution for a node. This includes critical functions, sensor nodes, low power actuators, display and status terminals, and some audio. 10

Especially for Critical Functions Batteries can take us a long way but a wired node is always preferable when supporting critical needs. A burglary, panic, smoke, CO, or flame sensor should not fail if batteries are low, if jammed or EMI is interfering with communications. A patient monitor should be able to report sensor data indefinitely if wired to a powered control hub. A smart emergency lighting system can be turned on when approaching people and ambient darkness. Central energy can reduce costs compared to redundant energy. 11

Factors for Deciding on Wiring Standards Different signaling and wiring standards offer different benefits and limitations. DC power over long wire runs Single ended or differential Half Duplex vs Full Duplex Shared Medium vs Switched Medium Free Flowing or Flow Control Node Limited or Restricted 12

IR Loss Adds Up @100 m = 37.6 Ohm @ 100 ma = 3.76 Volts A typical Cat 5 wire will exhibit 0.188 Ohms per meter. Voltage at the endpoint will vary depending on length and amount of current. @100 m = 37.6 Ohm @ 100 ma = 3.76 Volts @100 m = 37.6 Ohm @ 1A = 37.6 Volts @500 m = 188 Ohm @ 10 ma = 1.88 Volts @1000 m = 376 Ohm @ 1 ma = .376 Volts Note – Calculations based on round trip wiring lengths. 13

AC Can Help Using AC can help minimize IR loss and electrically isolate power systems. Advantages are - Longer cable runs feasible Isolated power and signals Step up possible Disadvantages are - Transformers are needed Higher costs 14

Differential Doubles Wires Differential wiring can run longer distances. Singled ended wiring radiates EMI and is susceptible to it. Twisted pair differential wiring is quiet and immune to common mode noise. Differential wiring requires twice as many wires. 15

Full Duplex Can Double Wires If shared medium and not a modulated technique, full duplex functionality may require another wire or wire-set if differential. This means 4 wires just for communications. Add another 4 if flow control are needed and you are up to an eight wire harness just for signaling. For long distance runs, this adds a lot of cost. 16

Wireless Wireless Nodes use battery or harvested energy. This brings with it a new sensitivity to power. Use of wireless node is simple from an architectural and installation point of view. Mostly Half Duplex. Too expensive to do full Duplex. Different type of device, personal, comfort, luxury, control, etc. Very desirable solution when high installation costs exists. Eg. Concrete wall. Wireless is getting cheaper and smaller. 17

The Overseer With both wired and wireless automation systems, control points steer operations. In a fully automated environment, control points will become hierarchal. Your personalized control point will hold modes, settings and preferences for you. 18

When Structures Talk So far, you are talking to your structure. As structures talk to one another, another layer gets added. Identifying you and your preferences. Will be used for advertising, but also for next generation of services. 19

This May Include Dynamic Energy Switching In emergency situations, powered and wired nodes can pool energy resources and keep alive critical services. Distributed control systems are better suited to handle autonomous fallback operations. 20

Day 2 Questions and Answers Q&A Day 2 Questions and Answers 21 21