Bacteria Structure, Reproduction, and Recombination By: Kaitlyn LeCompte, Juliana Gracey, & Marc Danese

Overview Phototrophs, Chemotrophs, Aerobes, Anaerobes Binary Fission, Steps of Binary Fission, Genetic Recombination, Bacteria's Resistance to Drugs Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction   

Phototrophs Kaitlyn Heterotrophs- need outside material to get food vs. Autotroph- makes their own food Phototrophs- Use sunlight through the process of photon capture to get ATP Occurs in ETC/protein pumping Photoheterotroph- Uses photophosphorylation to get ATP-needs organisms  Bio-structure is built by compounds obtained from the environment Photoautotroph- Convert abiotic material-> biotic material (Photosynthesis!) Ex. Algae, protists, and bacteria Provides a source of food for all other life forms excluding other autotrophs

Chemotrophs Kaitlyn Chemotrophs- Obtain energy through oxidation of inorganic molecules Iron, Magnesium, and Sulfur Chemoheterotrophs- Need to ingest C molecules from organisms Ex. Most bacteria, fungi, and protozoans Chemoautotrophs- Produce their own energy through the fixation of CO2 Ex. Nitrogen fixing bacteria (ground), Iron oxidizing (lava), and Sulfur oxidizing (thermal vents)

Aerobes Kaitlyn Obligate Aerobes- Require O2 for aerobic respiration to break down substrates Creates more energy than anaerobic anaerobes Ex. Almost all animals, most fungi, along with several bacteria

Anaerobes Kaitlyn Obligate Anaerobes- No oxygen required! Use fermentation/anaerobic respiration. Has superoxide dismutase and catalase to convert lethal superoxide produced due to high O2 levels Facultative Anaerobes- Use aerobic respiration if O2 is present. Can use fermentation/ anaerobic respiration if absent. Survives in many environments-  Too much O2 = obligate anaerobes die.  Too little = obligate aerobes die

Binary Fission Juliana Process bacteria use to carry out cell division-binary fission Similar to mitosis Copy DNA Chromosomes are copied and separated Cytoplasm divides=2 new bacteria "division in half"

Steps of Binary Fission Juliana Single bacteria Origin of replication opens & replication begins  Origins move to elongated ends Septum forms 2 bacteria

Genetic Recombination Juliana Offspring with characteristics different from both parents Occurs during meiosis 2 chromosomes pair up Crossing over occurs Product: new combination of genes

Bacteria's Resistance to Drugs Juliana Bacteria change to reduce or eliminate drug effectiveness Genetic mutation or inheritance Survive then multiply causing more harm Susceptible bacteria are killed by the antibiotic Selective pressure: influence exerted by antibiotic that promotes one group over another

Conjugation Marc A process bacteria use to share DNA with each other Need to be touching to share the DNA A pilus forms The channel that forms between bacteria to share DNA allows bacteria to increase genetic diversity

Conjugation Con't Marc Requires a set of F genes (Fertility genes) F genes carry DNA through the pilus

Transformation Marc A process in which DNA is taken up by a cell The cell must be competent This process is highly unusual for bacteria

Transduction Marc Generalized Transduction Specialized Transduction The transfer of DNA between cells using a virus particle Does not require contact to transfer DNA Two types of Transduction Generalized Transduction Specialized Transduction

Kaitlyn's ABCs B- Facultative Anaerobes                                                                                                                                    B- Facultative Anaerobes Which of the following bacteria are able to carry out both aerobic respiration and fermentation? A- Obligate Aerobes C- Obligate Anaerobes D- Aerotolerant Anaerobes 

Kaitlyn's ABCs                                                                                                                                 D- Chemoautotroph This type of animal uses chemical reactions to produce energy for itself without interacting with other organisms. Is it a __________ . A- Photoheterotroph B- Photoautotroph C- Chemoheterotroph

Juliana ABCs C-Binary Fission The process bacteria use to carry out cell division is called ______ . A- Mitosis B-Meiosis D-Facilitated Diffusion

Juliana ABCs A-Selective pressure                                                                                                                                  A-Selective pressure The influence exerted by an antibiotic that promotes one bacteria group over another is known as ________ . B-Genetic mutation  C-Crossing Over D-Meiosis

Marc ABCs What forms between bacteria during Conjugation? B- a pilus What forms between bacteria during Conjugation?  A- a carrier protein C- a phototroph D- an aerobe

Marc ABCs What process transfers DNA using a virus? A- Transformation C- Transduction What process transfers DNA using a virus? A- Transformation B- Mitosis D- Conjugation

Overview Phototrophs, Chemotrophs, Aerobes, Anaerobes Binary Fission, Steps of Binary Fission, Genetic Recombination, Bacteria's Resistance to Drugs  Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction