LESSON THREE: PROTOZOA Kingdom Animalia has 3 sub-kingdoms; Protista, Mesozoa & Metazoa. Protista has 2 branch; Protozoa and Protophyta. Protozoa has no chlorophyll but protophyta has. PROTOZOA The organisms are mostly single celled. Often, referred to as unicellular organisms. The organisms however, approach bi-nuclei in organisms under phylum Cilliophora.

2 The organism, though single celled can feed, respire, excrete, reproduce, etc. as seen in simple and complex multi-cellular organisms. All metabolic activities occur within an enclosed cell membrane. They are thus; - unicellular , free-living ( planktonic), benthic or parasitic (sporozoans)

3 Free-living types are aquatic; may be solitary or in colonies. Microscopic Heterotrophs and do not possess chlorophyll pigments. Undergo metabolic activities; require energy for life. Radiolaria and foraminefera have intricate structure.

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTOZOA Under branch Protozoa, there is 2 super-phyla: Sarco-mastigophora and Apicomplexa. Super-phylum Sarcomastigophora This has 4 phyla; Sarcodina , Cilliophora, Opalinata and Mastigophora. *Organisms are made up of single cell that has some means of locomotion..

5 Thus, some of the organisms use body flow for movement, while others use some sort of hairs and threads. Possess no tissues nor organs Have no germ cells May move by means of body flow, cillia or flagella.

6 Some have false exo- and endo-skeletons, and also false nerves and muscles as the organisms advance in the sub-kingdom. Reproduce by both sexual and asexual means; sexual by the union of gametes (syngamy) or conjugation. Asexual by binary fission and budding.

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6 Phylum Opalinata The organisms have no smaller sub-units but have only one genus; Opalina spp. They are oval and covered with longitudinal rows of cillia. They are extincted now. 2. Phylum Sarcodina : Organisms have no specialized organelles but has the ability to move parts of their to enable them move.

7 They are able to extend part of their body in the direction that they have to move. Their body mass also, move in the extended portion to enable the organism move along. The body extensions are known as lobopodium in Arcella, Amoeba, Difflugia, as reticulopodium in Globigerina, as axopodium in Actinophrys and Clathrulina, and filopodium in Chlamydphrys. They are free-living (aquatic) or parasitic.

7 Has 2 sub-classes; Rhizopoda & Actinopoda. they move by means of pseudopodic means. They have inner endoplasm sorrounded by a thin ectoplasm. Food is mostly engulfed and have inner digestion. Reproduction is by binary fission. The nucleus divide and the body mass then, divide along to form 2 daughter organisms. Eg. of rhizopods; Amoeba, Entamoeba, Arcella, etc. Eg. of actinopods; Sphaerezoum, Acanthometra, Vampyrella, Lithorcircus, Actinospaeurium, etc.

Amoeba, draw acella, difflugia, globigerina, actinophrys, chlamydophrys

radiolarians

11 2. Trichostomatida; they have feeding cilliature around the mouth. Eg. Balantidium, Colpoda, Isotrichia, etc. 3. Hypotrichida/ Chonotrichida; they have rows of cillia covering the funnel-shaped vestibulum. Eg. Vorticela, spirochona, etc. 4. Thigmatrichida; cirri adher to one side of the body, and referred to as thigmotatics. Eg. Gagarius, Ancistrocoma, Ancistrum, etc. 5.Hymenostomatida; the buccal cavity contain pellicular ribs which are fed by rows of microtubules. Eg. Paramecium, Tetrachymena, etc.

Phylum Cilliophora Organisms have hairs along their body. The cillium has a 9+2 internal structure. The structure of the cillia and their arrangement gives classification to the organisms. This is the most developed group under Protozoa. The nucleus in some are bi- nuceated (micro- and mega-). It has 10 class : 1. Gymnostomatida – the cillia are around the cytopharynx. Eg. Loxophylum, Dileptus, Amphileptus, etc.

12 6. Astomatida; Eg. Anopiophyra, Metaradiophyra, etc. 7. Suctorida; eg. Podophyra, Acineta, etc. 8. Apostomatida; Eg. Foettiingeria, Polyspira, etc. 9. Entodiniomorphida; eg. Entodinuium, Cycloposthium, etc. 10. Odontostomatida; Eg. Saprodinium, etc.

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Reproduction in cilliates

Phylum Mastigophora Organisms have an organelle or attachment for locomotion. Also called flagellata. It’s a threadlike structure but has the same internal arrangement of micro-fibrils as that of the cillium; 9+2 arrangement. Though many have a single flagellum, others have double flagella.

20 The flagellum may be situated at the anterior or the posterior side of the organism. The organisms may have chlorophyll though they can move (phyto-mastigophora). Some of them do not possess chlorophyll and called zoo-mastigophora. These are heterotrophic.

17 CLASSIFICATON Mastigophora has 2 sub-phyla phyto- and zoomastigophora. They have 5 classes; Volvocida, Choanoflagellata, Euglenida, kinetoplastida, and Dinoflagellida. Some taxanomists prefer Orders instead of classes. Theses are Cryptophyceae, Rhaphidiophyceae Haptophyceae, Crysophyceae and Xantophyceae.

22 Eg. of organisms with flagellum at anterior end are Euglena and Chlamydomonas Those with flagellum at posterior end is Trypanosoma. -Chlamydomonas has bi-flgella while, Trypanosoma has a uni-flagellum. -Volvox has many short flagella.

trypanosoma

Gardia, Chlamydomonas

Life cycle of Gardia

Super-phylum Apicomplexa The organisms are oval in shape. Have no visible locomotive organelle. They thus, flow along the current of the medium in which they find themselves. Are mostly parasites in higher organisms.

28 They have apical complex that enable them to penetrate into host tissues. They may have simple life cycle as in monocystis or complex life cycle as in plasmodium. The apical complex consists of the polar ring, two smaller conoids, two long rhoptrys, spots called microneme, and an opening referred to as microspore.

Classification 2 phyla; Sporozoa and Teleospora. SPORAZOA These have complex life cycles. May involve 1 or 2 hosts. It has 2 Classes; Coccidia & Gregarina Eg. coccidia are the Plasmodium, Toxoplasma. - Eg of gregarina is Monocystis

plasmodium

Life cycle of plasmodium

Phylum Teleospora This was formally known as myzozoa. This has one Class; Perkinsida Order; Perkinsidae -It causes a serious disease, and have examples like Perkinsea, Babesia, Nassula, Stylonicchia, etc. -These have simple life cycles. -They invade blood corpuscles of both humans and mollusks.

Babesia sp.

Stylonicchia sp