Chapter 7 The Hebrews and Judaism Section 1 The Early Hebrews

The Early Hebrews The Big Idea Originally desert nomads, the Hebrews established a great kingdom called Israel. Main Ideas Abraham and Moses led the Hebrews to Canaan and to a new religion. Strong kings united the Israelites to fight off invaders. Invaders conquered and ruled the Hebrews after their kingdom broke apart. Some women in Hebrew society made great contributions to their history.

Main Idea 1: Abraham and Moses Lead Their People Between 2000 and 1500 B.C. the Hebrews, ancestors of the Israelites and Jews, appeared in Southwest Asia. Judaism was the religion of the Hebrews. The Hebrew Bible is largely the same as the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.

The Beginnings in Canaan and Egypt The Hebrews are traced back to a man named Abraham The Hebrew Bible says God told Abraham to leave Mesopotamia and settle in Canaan, on the Mediterranean Sea

The Beginnings in Canaan and Egypt Cont… Famine in Canaan led many Israelites to settle in Egypt Fearful of the large number of Israelites, the pharaoh enslaved them

The Beginnings in Canaan and Egypt Cont… Pharaoh also ordered all Hebrew baby boys under the age of two to be thrown into the Nile River. One mother tried to save her son by putting him in a basket and hiding it on the riverbank. The pharaoh’s daughter found the baby. That baby was named Moses.

The Exodus Moses fled Egypt and became a shepherd. Around 1290 B.C., he saw a burning bush and heard a voice he believed to be God telling him to lead the Israelites out of Egypt and out of slavery. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMnOmjSJChc

The Exodus - The Ten Plagues At first, the pharaoh refused to free the Israelites. God sent Ten Plagues (disasters) to Egypt to persuade the pharaoh to let them go. 1. Water to blood 2. Frogs 3. Gnats 4. Flies 5. Plague on livestock 6. Boils 7. Hail – thunder/lightening 8. Locusts 9. Darkness 10. Death of the first born child https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-t8q6lPNuvU

The Ten Plagues - Passover To spare the Israelites the effects of the last plague, they marked their doors w/lamb’s blood so that the angel of death would “pass over” their homes. Jews today celebrate a holiday called Passover to remember how God “passed over” their homes.

The Exodus - Parting of the Red Sea After the Israelites left, Pharaoh changed his mind and sent his soldiers to bring the Israelites back. The Bible says that God parted the Red Sea, allowing the Israelites to pass. The Egyptians followed and the water flowed back and drowned the soldiers. This Israelite escape is called the Exodus.

The Exodus – The Ten Commandments On the way back to Canaan, Moses went to the top of Mount Sinai (sy*ny) where God gave him two stone tablets. The tablets contained a code of moral laws known as the Ten Commandments.

Main Idea 2: Kings Unite the Israelites The new threat to the Israelites came from the Philistines. The Israelites united under Saul, who became the first king of Israel. David became king after Saul and established the capital of Israel in Jerusalem. David was admired for his military skills and is best known for slaying the Philistine giant, Goliath. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtOdPLwyXZc&feature=related

Main Idea 2: Kings Unite the Israelites David’s son Solomon became king in about 965 B.C. Solomon expanded the kingdom and trade, which made Israel very wealthy. He built a great temple in Jerusalem, which became the center of religious life and a symbol of faith.

Main Idea 3: Invaders Conquer and Rule After Solomon’s death, revolts broke out over who should be king. This split Israel into two kingdoms, called Israel and Judah. The people of Judah became known as the Jews. Both were conquered, and Judah fell to the Chaldeans.

The Dispersal (scattering) of the Jews The Chaldeans captured Jerusalem and punished the Jews by sending 10,000 Jews to Babylon and appointing a new Jewish king. This period is known as the Babylonian Captivity, and lasted about 50 years. In the 530s B.C., the Persians conquered the Chaldeans and allowed the Jews to return home. Many did not return and scholars call the dispersal of Jews outside of Israel and Judah the Diaspora (dy*AS*pruh).

Main Idea 4: Women in Israelite Society Israelite government and society was dominated by men. A woman’s husband was chosen by her father and a family’s property was inherited by the eldest son. Women like Queen Esther, the Judge Deborah, Miriam (the sister of Moses), and Ruth made great contributions to Jewish society.

Section 2 Jewish Beliefs and Texts

Jewish Beliefs and Texts The Big Idea The central ideas and laws of Judaism are contained in sacred texts such as the Torah. Main Ideas Beliefs in God, education, justice, and obedience anchor Jewish society. Jewish beliefs are listed in the Torah, the Hebrew Bible, and the Commentaries. The Dead Sea Scrolls reveal many past Jewish beliefs. The ideas of Judaism have helped shape later cultures.

Main Idea 1: Beliefs that Anchor Jewish society. Belief in one god - Judaism is the world’s oldest and possibly the first monotheistic religion. Monotheism is the belief in only one god. Belief in education - Teaching children, mostly boys, has always been important to Jewish society. Belief in justice and righteousness - Jews are expected to be kind and fair in dealing with other people, in a display of justice. - They are also supposed to be righteous and do what is proper. Belief in obedience and law - They obey moral and religious laws such as the Ten Commandments and Mosaic law (named for Moses).

Religious Laws Mosaic law governs how people pray and celebrate holidays. The law also forbids Jews from working on holidays or on the Sabbath, the seventh day of each week Begins at sundown on Friday and ends at nightfall Saturday This marks when God created the world in six days and rested on the seventh.

Religious Laws Mosaic laws also have rules about the foods that Jews can eat and how that food must be prepared. Today, food prepared according to Jewish law is called kosher. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujujK_r3xAc

Main Idea 2: Texts List Jewish Beliefs The Torah This is a collection of five books that make up the most sacred text in Judaism – words revealed to Moses by God. A synagogue is a Jewish house of worship. The Hebrew Bible This is made up of the Torah, the Proverbs, and the Book of Psalms. It is also made up of eight books that describe the messages of the prophets. The Commentaries Because some laws are hard to understand, scholars wrote commentaries to explain them. They can be found in the Talmud.

Main Idea 3: Scrolls Reveal Past Beliefs The Dead Sea Scrolls were found in a small cave near the Dead Sea in 1947. It is suspected that they were written between 100 BC and AD 50. The scrolls included prayers, commentaries, letters, and passages from the Hebrew Bible.

Main Idea 4: Judaism and Later Cultures Judaism helped shape Christianity and Islam. Many people still look to the Ten Commandments as a guide to how they should live. The concept of charity is largely based on Jewish teachings.

Section 3 Judaism over the Centuries

Judaism over the Centuries The Big Idea Although they were forced out of Israel by the Romans, shared beliefs and customs helped Jews maintain their religion. Main Ideas Revolt, defeat, and migration led to great changes in Jewish culture. Because Jews settled in different parts of the world, two cultural traditions formed. Jewish traditions and holy days celebrate their history and religion.

Main Idea 1: Revolt, Defeat, and Migration By the first century AD, Jews in Jerusalem were tired of foreign rule. The most rebellious group were the Zealots, who didn’t believe Jews should answer to anyone but God. The Jews revolted against Roman rule in AD 66 and again in the 130s, but were defeated both times. As a result of these rebellions, many Jews were killed and finally, banished from Jerusalem under threat of death.

Jews of Eastern Europe Jews of Spain and Portugal Main Idea 2: Two Cultural Traditions Due to discrimination and forced migration, the Jewish communities in different parts of the world developed into two main cultural traditions: Jews of Eastern Europe Jews of Spain and Portugal Known as the Ashkenazim (ahsh-kuh-NAH-shum) Descendants of Jews who moved to France, Germany and eastern Europe Communities separate from non-Jewish neighbors Developed own language called Yiddish Known as the Sephardim (suh-FAHR-duhm) Descendants of Jews who moved to Spain and Portugal and western Europe Communities mixed with the region’s non-Jewish residents Developed own language called Ladino

Main Idea 3: Jewish Traditions and Holy Days Hanukkah This holiday honors the cleansing of the Second Temple. It is celebrated in December by lighting candles in a menorah. The eight days represent the eight days the one day supply of oil. Passover This is a time for Jews to remember the Exodus. They eat only flat bread called matzo and have a ritual meal called the seder. Celebrated in March or April. High Holy Days Two of the most sacred of all Jewish holy days and take place in September and October. Rosh Hashanah celebrates the beginning of the Jewish new year. Yom Kippur is the holiest day of the year. They fast all day and ask God for forgiveness of their sins.

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